Friday, November 22, 2019
How to Use the Particles O and No in Japanese
How to Use the Particles O and No in Japanese A particle is a word that shows the relationship of a word, a phrase, or a clause, to the rest of the sentence. The Japanese particles o and no are commonly used and have many functions depending on how it is used it a sentence. Read on for an explanation of these different usages. The Particle "O" The particle o is always written as ã‚’ not ã Å . "O": Direct Object Marker When o is placed after a noun, that indicates that the noun is the direct object. Below are a sentence examples of the o particle being used as a direct object marker. Kinou eiga o mimashita. æ˜ ¨Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Ëœ 熻ã‚’è ¦â€¹Ã£ ¾Ã£ â€"㠟。- I watched the movie yesterday.Kutsu o kaimashita. é ´Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ² ·Ã£ „㠾ã â€"㠟。- I bought shoes.Chichi wa maiasa Koohii o nomimasu. çˆ ¶Ã£ ¯Ã¦ ¯Å½Ã¦Å" ã‚ ³Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'’ãÆ' ¼Ã£â€šâ€™Ã© £ ²Ã£ ¿Ã£ ¾Ã£ ™ã€‚- My father has coffee every morning. While o marks the direct object, some English verbs used in Japanese take the particle ga instead of o. There are not many of these verbs, but here are some examples. hoshii æ ¬ ²Ã£ â€"ã „ - to wantsuki Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£ - to likekirai Ã¥ «Å'ã „ - to dislikekikoeru è žã “ã ˆã‚‹ - to be able to hearmieru è ¦â€¹Ã£ ˆã‚‹ - to be able to seewakaru 分ã ‹ã‚‹ - to understand "O": Route of Motion Verbs such as walk, run, pass, turn, drive and go through using the particle o to indicate the route that the movement follows. Here are sentence examples of o used to indicate the route of motion. Basu wa toshokan no mae o toorimasu. ãÆ' ã‚ ¹Ã£ ¯Ã¥â€º ³Ã¦â€º ¸Ã© ¤ ¨Ã£ ®Ã¥â€° を通り㠾㠙。- The bus passes in front of the library.Tsugi no kado o magatte kudasai. æ ¬ ¡Ã£ ®Ã¨ §â€™Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦â€º ²Ã£ Å'㠣㠦ã ã ã •ã „。- Please turn the next corner.Dono michi o tootte kuukou ni ikimasu ka. 㠩㠮é “を通㠣㠦ç © ºÃ¦ ¸ ¯Ã£ «Ã¨ ¡Å'ã 㠾㠙㠋。- Which road do you take to get to the airport? "O": Point of Departure Verbs such as to leave, come out, or get off take the particle o to mark the place from which one gets off or leaves. The following are sample sentences of the o particle used to indicate a point of departure. Hachi-ji ni ie o demasu. å… «Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ£ «Ã¥ ® ¶Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£ ¾Ã£ ™ã€‚- I leave home at eight oclock.Kyonen koukou o sotsugyou shimashita. åŽ »Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã© «ËœÃ¦ ¡Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ ’æ ¥ ã â€"㠾ã â€"㠟。- I graduated from high school last year.Asu Tokyo o tatte pari ni ikimasu. 明æâ€" ¥Ã¦ ±Ã¤ º ¬Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§â„¢ ºÃ£ £Ã£ ¦Ã£Æ'‘ãÆ' ªÃ£ «Ã¨ ¡Å'ã 㠾㠙。 - I’m leaving Tokyo for Paris tomorrow. "O": Specific Occupation or Position In this case, the particle o indicates a specific occupation or position, which is usually followed by ~shiteiru or ~shiteimasu. See the following sentences for examples. Tomoko no otousan wa bengoshi o shiteiru. æ™ ºÃ¥ 㠮ã Šçˆ ¶Ã£ •ã‚“㠯å ¼ è ·Ã¥ £ «Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ â€"㠦ã „る。 - Tomokos father is a lawyer.Watashi no ane wa kangofu o shiteimasu. ç § 㠮å §â€°Ã£ ¯Ã§Å"‹è ·Ã¥ © ¦Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ â€"㠦ã „㠾㠙。 - My sister is a nurse. The Particle "No" The particle no is written out as 㠮. "No": Possessive Marker No indicates ownership or attribution. It is similar to the English apostrophe s (s). These sample sentences show how the no particle is used as a possessive marker. Kore wa watashi no hon desu. ã “ã‚Å'㠯ç § 㠮æÅ" ¬Ã£ §Ã£ ™ã€‚- This is my book.Watashi no ane wa Tokyo ni sunde imasu. ç § 㠮å §â€°Ã£ ¯Ã¦ ±Ã¤ º ¬Ã£ «Ã¤ ½ ん㠧ã „㠾㠙。- My sister lives in Tokyo.Watashi no kaban no nakani kagi ga arimasu. ç § 㠮㠋㠰ん㠮ä ¸ 㠫é µÃ£ Å'㠂り㠾㠙。- There is a key in my bag. Note that the final noun can be omitted if it is clear to both speaker and listener. For example: Are wa watashi no (kuruma) desu. ã ‚ã‚Å'㠯ç § ã ®(è »Å )㠧㠙。- That is mine (my car). "No": Indicating Position or Location To indicate the relative location of the first noun in a sentence, the no particle is used. Take these phrases for instance: tsukue no ue æÅ" ºÃ£ ®Ã¤ ¸Å - on the deskisu no shita 㠄㠙㠮ä ¸â€¹ - under the chairgakkou o tonari Ã¥ ¦Ã¦ ¡Ã£ ®Ã©Å¡ £ - next to the schoolkouen no mae - å… ¬Ã¥Å"’㠮å‰ - in front of the parkwatashi no ushiro ç § 㠮å ¾Å'ã‚ - behind me "No": Noun Modification The noun before no modifies the noun after no. This usage is similar to the possessive, but it is seen more with compound nouns or noun phrases. The following sentences show how the no particle can be used to modify a noun. Nihongo no jugyou wa tanoshii desu. æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£ ®Ã¦Å½Ë†Ã¦ ¥ 㠯æ ¥ ½Ã£ â€"㠄㠧㠙。- The Japanese class is interesting.Bijutsu no hon o sagashite imasu. ç ¾Å½Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ£ ®Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦Å½ ¢Ã£ â€"㠦ã „㠾㠙。- I am looking for a book on fine arts. No as a noun modifier can be used many times in one sentence. In this usage, the order of nouns in Japanese is the reverse of English. The normal Japanese order is from large to small, or general to specific. Osaka daigaku no nihongo no sensei Ã¥ ¤ §Ã©Ëœ ªÃ¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ¦Ã£ ®Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£ ®Ã¥â€¦Ë†Ã§â€Å¸ - a teacher of Japanese at Osaka universityyooroppa no kuni no namae ãÆ' ¨Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ' ãÆ'Æ'ãÆ'‘㠮å› ½Ã£ ®Ã¥ å‰ - the names of the countries in Europe "No": Apposition The no particle can also show that the first noun is in apposition to the second noun. For instance: Tomodachi no Keiko-san desu. Ã¥ ‹é â€Ã£ ®Ã¦ µÃ¥ 㠕ん㠧㠙。- This is my friend, Keiko.Bengoshi no Tanaka-san wa itsumo isogashisou da. Ã¥ ¼ è ·Ã¥ £ «Ã£ ®Ã§â€ °Ã¤ ¸ 㠕ん㠯ã „㠤ã‚‚å ¿â„¢Ã£ â€"ã ã †ã 。 - The lawyer, Mr. Tanaka seems to be busy all the time.Ano hachijussai no obaasan wa ki ga wakai. 㠂㠮å… «Ã¥ æ ³Ã£ ®Ã£ Šã °Ã£ ‚㠕ん㠯æ °â€"ã Å'è‹ ¥Ã£ „。 - That eighty-year-old woman has a youthful spirit. "No": Sentence Ending Particle No is also used at the end of a sentence. Read up on ​sentence ending particles to learn about the usage.
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