Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Learning Classical Conditioning - 1132 Words

Learning Learning is more than a person sitting at a desk and studying off a book. Everything that we do is a result of what we have learned. We respond to things that happen to us, we act and experience consequences from our behavior, and we observe what others say and do. Psychologists explain our many experiences with basic learning processes. Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience (Santrock, p.146). By learning how to use a computer you will change from being someone who could not operate a computer to being one who can. Learning anything new involves change. You learned how to use a computer through experience with the machine. Once you have learned to use a computer, the†¦show more content†¦He keeps nagging. Finally you get tired of the nagging and clean out the garage. Your response removed the unpleasant stimulus. Whereas punishment refers to a consequence that decreases the likelihood a behavior will occur (Santrock, p.161). In positive punishment, a behavior decreases when it is followed by an unpleasant stimulus (Santrock, p.162). Many people associate this by yelling at children or beating them. Positive punishment is often not a good idea. In negative punishment, a behavior decreases when a positive stimulus is removed from it (Santrock, p.162). Time-out is a form of negative punishment in which a child is removed from a positive reinforcement. Observational learning, also called imitation or modeling, is learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates someone s behavior (Santrock, p.165). Albert Bandura described four main processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement. Before people can reproduce a model s actions, they must attend to what the model is saying or doing. To reproduce an action, you must retain the information and keep it in memory so that it can be retrieved. People might attend to a model and Thai, 4 code in memory what they have seen, but because of limitations in motor development they might not be able to reproduce the model s action (Santrock,Show MoreRelatedClassical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational Learning664 Words   |  3 PagesOur understanding of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning has allowed us to unlock many of the answers we sought to learn about human behavior. Classical conditioning is a technique of behavioral training, coined by Ivan Pavlov, which basically states that an organism learns through establishing associations between different events and stimuli. This helps us understand human behavior in an assortment of ways. It makes it clear that almost everything we do isRead MoreClassical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning And Observational Learning Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesare three ways, according to Experience Psychology 3rd Edition, for organisms to learn – Classical Condition ing, Operant Conditioning and Observational Learning. In Classical Conditioning, it involves the association between a neutral stimulus and an innate stimulus of organisms, and a response is produced when these two stimuli came in contact. Slightly different from Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning woks in a way when a behavior is determined by the consequences of the outcomes. To putRead MoreLearning Principles Classical Conditioning And Observational Learning1080 Words   |  5 PagesReading skills are essential to learning all other subjects taught in school. The sharper the reading skills children have and the earlier they accumulate them will determine how rapidly and how well they will achieve in school. That is why it is very crucial to get students motivated to read at a young age. Research has consistently shown that children who are exposed to reading or who read regularly gather long term benefits such as better academic performance, a mastery of language, bette r communicationRead MoreDiscussion on Classical Conditioning as an Explanation of Learning1629 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussion on Classical Conditioning as an Explanation of Learning We use the term classical conditioning to describe one type of associative learning in which there is no contingency between response and reinforcer. This situation resembles most closely the experiment from Pavlov in the 1920s, where he trained his dogs to associate a bell ring with a food-reward. In such experiments, the subject initially shows weak or no response to a conditioned stimulus (CS, e.g. the bell), but a measurableRead MoreClassical And Instrumental Conditioning Explain Learning1141 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will describe how the psychological processes of Classical and Instrumental conditioning explain learning. Classical does so through the use of involuntary reflexes while Instrumental through the use voluntary behaviour and reinforcement. Their effectiveness will be explained through the supporting studies. Classical conditioning is the repeated association of events (neutral and unconditioned stimulus) until the neutral stimulus starts to produce a conditioned response that it otherwiseRead MoreDifference Between Classical Conditioning And Observational Learning Essay1825 Words   |  8 PagesDistinguish general differences between principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning (e.g., contingencies) Classical conditioning is the repeated association of an unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus making it into a conditioned stimulus. Classical conditioning deals with unconditioned stimulus that produces an automatic response or unlearned (UCS/US), unconditioned response that is an automatic or unlearned response that is produced by and unconditionedRead MoreLearning Through Classical and Operant Conditioning to Cause a Change in an Organism584 Words   |  3 PagesLearning can be defined as an experience that causes a relatively permanent change in an organism. There are two broad types of learning, classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning has to do with associating a stimulus with a response and this was promoted by Ivan Pavlov. Operant conditioning has to do with the consequences of a behavior determining its future occurrence and was promoted by B. F. Skinner (Schater, Gilbert, Wegner, 2011). Each psychologist has examplesRead MoreClassic al Conditioning Learning Experience836 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Conditioning Learning Experience My Learning Experience As early as I can remember, my house growing up was always free of bell peppers. My mother is allergic to them; even the smell makes her sick to her stomach. I always wondered if I was allergic to them as well, but never took any chances as a child and didn’t eat them either. Even to this day when dining out with my parents my mother always asks â€Å"are there bell peppers in this† her face would always have that crinkledRead MoreClassical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning And Observational Learning1702 Words   |  7 PagesLearning is a relatively lasting behavior through experience. There are three major types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning. Classical conditioning is a process of learning where an association is formed between a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that evokes a response naturally. Operant conditioning is a learning process using reinforcement or punishment of certain behaviors. Observational learni ng is where the process of learning happens throughRead MoreLearning Theory : Classical Conditioning Of Observational Learning Essay2439 Words   |  10 Pagesinteractions? Yes, close friendships have influence on social interactions such as social activity level, mood, weight, political views, new friends, health, mortality, etc., which can be explained through the social learning theory; classical conditioning of observational learning. There has also been much empirical investigation examining selection and socialization effects with results indicating influences on a wide variety of attitudes and behaviors. There is also growing evidence of influence

Monday, December 16, 2019

Rural-Urban Linkages, Their Role in Sustainable Development Free Essays

string(76) " migration and reduce food production per capita \(Richardson, 1987: 210\)\." Although policy makers and the development community have widely used the phrase â€Å"rural development. The concept of rural development has changed significantly during the last 3 decades. Until the 1970s, rural development was synonymous with agricultural development and, hence, focused on increasing agricultural production. We will write a custom essay sample on Rural-Urban Linkages, Their Role in Sustainable Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now This focus seems to have been driven primarily by the interests of industrialization to extract surpluses from the agriculture sector to reinforce industrialization. With the focus on increasing agricultural production, the stated objective of most countries was to promote smallholder agriculture. Over time, this smallholder agriculture-centric concept of rural development underwent changes. By the early 1980s, according to Harris, the World Bank defined it as â€Å"†¦a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people—the rural poor. Four major factors appear to have influenced the change: increased concerns about the persistent and deepening of rural poverty; changing views on the meaning of the concept of development itself; emergence of a more diversified rural economy in which rural non-farm enterprises play an increasingly important role; and increased recognition of the importance of reducing the non-income dimensions of poverty to achieve sustainable improvements in the socio economic well-being of the poor. The establishment of the Millennium Development Goals has significantly reinforce d the concerns about non income poverty. With the paradigm shifts in economic development from growth to broadly defined â€Å"development,† the concept of rural development has begun to be used in a broader sense. It is also more specific, as Harris noted â€Å"in the sense that it focuses (in its rhetoric and in principle) particularly on poverty and inequality. † In more recent years, increased concerns on the environmental aspects of economic growth have also influenced the changes. Today’s concept of rural development is fundamentally different from that used about 3 or 4 decades ago. The concept now encompasses â€Å"concerns that go well beyond improvements in growth, income, and output. The concerns include an assessment of changes in the quality of life, broadly defined to include improvement in health and nutrition, education, environmentally safe living conditions, and reduction in gender and income inequalities. â€Å"Today there seems to be a universal consensus that the ultimate objective of rural development is to improve the quality of life of rural people. As the concept of rural development changed so has the focus and approach to tackling and planning for rural development also change. Thus as already explained, today rural development is an integrated concept that that requires an integrated approach to development . thus the focus now is on sustainable development; hence an integrated sustainable rural development strategy is used to plan for rural development. However in order to successively design a strategy for integrated sustainable rural development, one must take into consideration rural-urban linkages because of the significant role it plays in sustainable rural development. Before proceeding with a discussion about the role that rural-urban linkages play in integrated rural sustainable development strategy, it may be necessary to define rural-urban linkages. In general, â€Å"rural-urban linkages† refers to the flow of (public and private) capital, people (migration, commuting) and goods and services (trade) between rural and urban areas. It is important to add to these three economic flows, the flow of ideas, innovation and information. These rural urban linkages could be expanded as; * The movement of people between rural and urban households many of which are of circular nature. These include temporary migration(as in seasonal moves ) and labour migration including weekly commuting; * The more permanent migration of people from rural to urban areas and vice versa. * The movement of people operating from a single rural urban household as in daily commuting or school trips, shopping and short term visits. * The movement of resources such as money and remittances, commodities and services. * There is also the more permanent type of linkages found mostly in infrastructure such as roads railway lines water and electricity telecommunication etc. Over the past few years, interest in the linkages between urban and rural areas has increased considerably. This is clear, for instance, from the activities of the United Nations. The Habitat Agenda, adopted at the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) in Istanbul in 1996, states that â€Å"policies and programmes for the sustainable development of rural areas that integrate rural regions into the national economy require strong local and national institutions for the lanning and management of human settlements that place emphasis on rural-urban linkages and treat villages and cities as two ends of a human settlements continuum. † (UNCHS, 1997: 93-94). however, Studies of rural urban linkages indicate that the nature of the linkages differs from one place to another and differs for different sectors in the same place. It is equally necessary to identify successful practices that promote local rural and urban development and alleviate poverty, using rural-urban linkages, and to build the capacity of rural and urban local governments to review, adapt and replicate such practices. The growing understanding and the pool of good practices should form the basis for capacity building of local governments. Among the above linkages the ,focus would be on the point 1 and 4 that’s the migration and the economic exchange of goods and services and their implication on rural development . this is because they are among the important rural urban linkages necessary for integrated sustainable rural development. These would be dis cussed shortly. To begin with the economic exchange between urban and rural areas can be beneficial or detrimental to either or both areas . hus with economic links between rural and urban areas, the extent to which economic development in the one area benefits or obstructs economic development in the other area. For instance an exclusive focus on rural areas would result in an under-investment in urban areas and this would limit the growth of the urban sector and its ability to absorb the rural labour surplus. Likewise an exclusive focus on urban development would produce similar results, because it would accelerate rural-urban migration and reduce food production per capita (Richardson, 1987: 210). You read "Rural-Urban Linkages, Their Role in Sustainable Development" in category "Papers" Reardon (n. d. : 8-9) distinguishes three stages in the development of rural non-farm sector and of rural-urban linkages: †¢ During the first stage, rural non-farm activity tends to have a production or expenditure linkage with agriculture while farming directly employs a large share of the rural population. Rural non-farm activity tends to centre on the countryside itself, with little dependence on rural-urban links. Rural non-farm activities are mainly home-based and small-scale production of goods, mainly sold locally. During the first stage, agriculture tends to depend on local supplies of farm inputs and services and on local processing and distribution of farm products, usually carried out by small to medium-scale firms. †¢ A greater mix of situations characterizes the second stage. The mix includes activities based on linkages with agriculture as well as on other, separate activities (e. g. tourism, mining and services), although the latter did grow out of a historical rural non-farm sector based on linkages with agriculture. The share of rural population dependent on farming is lower than during the first phase. Rural-urban links as the basis for rural non-farm employment have a greater weight than in first stage with nascent sub-contracting of rural companies by urban or foreign businesses and a rapid rise in the labour force commuting between the countryside and rural towns and intermediate cities. †¢ The third stage shows an intensification of the characteristics that differentiate the second stage from the first stage. There is a greater weight of urban-rural links manifested by the greater importance of more advanced forms of business linkages, such as subcontracting arrangements and labour commuting. A number of other tendencies also characterize this stage: the expansion of subcontracting beyond light durables to medium durables. The great heterogeneity of the non-farm sector in rural areas implies that there is little scope for general, broad, policy prescriptions. This observation may well provide an important lesson for our thinking about the process of policy formulation. A wide variety of interventions may be required to promote the non-farm sector, each tailored to specific local conditions. Decentralized decision-making may be necessary: mechanisms should be devised whereby local information flows upwards so that the localized bottlenecks are relieved and specific niches can be exploited (Lanjouw, 1999: 9). From the above it can be realised that, rural-urban linkages can play an important role in economic development and poverty alleviation in urban and rural areas. However,it is important to recognize that the nature of the rural-urban linkages differs from one place to another and from one function to another. As Douglas (1998) has pointed out, a particular urban centre may play a crucial economic role for the surrounding rural areas in one respect, while the rural area may completely bypass that same urban centre and link directly to more distant urban centres and cities in other respects. It is, therefore, dangerous to generalize about the nature of rural-urban linkages and to base policy interventions on such generalizations. What is necessary is the recognition of (a) the existence a regional economy as a reality, rrespective of administrative boundaries, and (b) the need to develop knowledge about such regional (i. e. sub-national) economies (World Bank, 2000). The development of this knowledge should be demand-driven, as urban and rural local governments come to recognize their shared interests and constraints. The political impetus for this process of knowledge development may be t decentralization. In order to distribute economic and social opportunities equitably, the Government s hould strengthen grassroots economies that can provide sustainable incomes for the rural population. The Government should establish economic clusters that link rural and urban areas, and the cluster-based economic development should be consistent with the economic potentials, preferences and functions of each area. Another important rural urban linkage that has immense implication for today’s rural development is the rural urban migration. Thus the movement of people between rural and urban households . these include temporary migration and labour migration. Rural-urban migration reduces population pressure in the rural areas and, thereby, should improve economic conditions and reduce rural poverty. However, disparities between urban and rural areas in terms of income and employment and the availability of basic infrastructure and services persist. Urban areas offer more and better opportunities for socio-economic mobility of the poor and rural-urban migration, therefore, will continue. Labour migration could result in shortage of labour force for productivity in the rural areas which would intend result in low productivity and underdevelopment in the rural areas. Whereas the urban areas may not also be able to absorb the all the labour from the rural areas ,resulting in unemployment and increase in sanitation costs and government expenditure. it also increase population pressure in urban areas resulting in pressure on the few social amenities in urban centres. in this case, rural urban migration has more adverse effect on rural development. In addition to the above, Circular and temporary migration is already a common pattern in many countries, but working and housing conditions in the urban areas may not always be conducive to this form of migration. Housing is often an acute problem for temporary migrants who prefer to rent rather than to own housing, because they feel that their home is in the rural areas. Temporary migrants are sometimes not entitled to urban services and this makes their life in the urban areas more difficult than necessary. Local governments and private employers in the urban areas should accept temporary rural-urban migration as inevitable and perhaps even as desirable, and they may consider measures to facilitate such forms of rural-urban migration. For instance, Remittances are a crucial component of rural households’ incomes and a key element of the continued links between migrants and their home areas across all wealth groups. In northern Mali, migrants’ remittances have become probably the most important source of family cash, and are used for consumption and for the purchase of consumer goods such as radios and bicycles, but also for the purchase of agricultural inputs or for investment in livestock. In southeast Nigeria, it would be socially unacceptable for migrants not to send remittances and gifts: financial support to their parental households has greatly contributed to making young women’s migration socially acceptable. Most importantly, remittances and gifts ensure that migrants can maintain a foothold in the home area, and that they will be welcome upon their return. Gaile (1992: 134) argues that the problem is not urbanization as such, because the urban areas need to absorb the additional rural labour. The problem is that migrants have only a limited choice when migrating, because most local economic development occurs in one or a few large cities. He points out that the problem is really â€Å"under-urbanization†, i. e. the underdevelopment of the urban system. The major impediment to the working of the general market and the consequent development of a labour market is the undersupply of centres of sufficient minimal size to provide sites for market development. The above implies that in developing a strategy for sustainable rural development projects that encourages the bridging of gab between rural and urban areas should be considered. This would help reduce rural urban migration. Besides, major effort is required to ensure that the urban areas can absorb the growing urban population and that urbanization will not result in an urbanization of poverty. Small and medium-sized towns can play an important role in the urbanization process by absorbing rural-urban migrants. For instance Economic development in small towns can have a positive impact on the economy of the surrounding rural areas, if the increase in purchasing power results in the purchase of agricultural and non-agricultural products from the surrounding rural areas. This will obviously depend on the types of products produced, their quality and cost and their competitiveness compared to products from other parts of the country (and elsewhere). The development of the local urban economy may also lead to a reduction in rural-urban migration to the larger urban centres and the city and redirect migration flows to smaller urban centres. This in the long run led to sustainable development in both the rural and urban areas. Conclusion and Recommendations From the above discusions, it can be observe that there is growing interdependence of urban and rural areas that reduces the significance of the rural-urban distinction. The flow of people, capital, goods, services and ideas between urban and rural areas, made possible by improvements and cost reductions in communication and transport, is reinforcing the existing rural-urban linkages and more than ever conditions and developments in the urban areas have an impact on the rural areas and vice versa. Rural residents adopt urban lifestyles and occupations; small settlements require urban infrastructure and services; residents of rural areas commute between rural and urban areas; industries move to rural areas; urban waste pollutes natural resources in the rural areas; and agriculture in urban areas is becoming important for both economic and environmental reasons. It is, therefore, an anachronism that governments still design policies and programmes that are focused either on urban or on rural areas, but rarely on both. Rural and urban communities need to have an interest in each other’s conditions, and policy-makers need to consider these when formulating policies and programmes for sustainable rural development. Coordination of decision-making and cooperation between authorities of urban areas and their surrounding rural areas are critical to ensure that the development of urban areas and rural areas support each other. However, the continuing integration of rural and urban areas requires more than simply coordination and cooperation, it requires planning that incorporates rural and urban development. Such regional planning should not be an urban-centred exercise as it often has been in the past. Rural and urban areas need each other and each can benefit when the other’s needs are met. Backward linkages and forward linkages between agricultural production and industry and services can foster positive rural-urban interactions and a virtuous circle of development. However, policies that encourage such mutually reinforcing linkages need to overcome the traditional separation between rural and urban planners. They also need to avoid generalizations and be grounded in the specifics of the regional context (Tacoli, 1998: 13). How to cite Rural-Urban Linkages, Their Role in Sustainable Development, Papers

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Management Leadership Performing Job Management

Question: Describe about the Management Leadership for Performing Job Management. Answer: Introduction This study has been commenced with the purpose of putting the light on the management and planning function of the business operational plan. Purpose of operational plan with reference to its relationship with strategic planning Operational plans purpose is to show a proper direction to the organisational members in performing the allocated job-related responsibilities daily. The operational plan plays a predominant role in the implementation of the strategic plan formulated by the management of business entities. Operational plan plays important role in harmonising the activities of different functions of business entities so that they can be aligned with the formulated strategic plans targets. Differentiation between operational plan and strategic plan The predominant difference between an operational plan and strategic plan is former works on the vision statement of the business entities and latter works on the mission statement of the business entities. Strategic plan centres around long term goal of an organisations and operational plans focal point are short term goal of an organisation. Top management personnel and middle management personnel respectively orchestrate the strategic plan and operational plan (Slack, 2015, p.59). Information associated in operational plan Fundamentally, the operational plan provides four kinds of information. They are: Strategies to be espoused for achieving the long-term goal of the organisations. The members of the organisations who will be entrusted with the authority of completing jobs. The stipulated time within which the delegated tasks are surmised to be completed. The requirement of the resources in terms of finance for completing the jobs. Purpose of budget The fundamental purpose of a budget is to make the forecast on what the business entities will earn and what they will spend for achieving the goals and objectives. In addition to this, the budget serves the purpose of providing with a financial framework for facilitating the decision-making the process by the management body of the business entities. It also fulfils the purpose of keeping track of the performance of the business processes through measurement of the gap between the actual and desired results of the performance of the businesses. Benefits of business budget There are some benefits pertaining to the budgets and they are as follows: The budget gives clear outline of the long-term goal of an organisation in terms of financial performance. The budget gives an idea of how much resources are required to support the operational and strategic plans of the organisations. The budget gives clear view about the different aspects of reinforcing profitability and revenue generation of the business entities. Budget variance Budget variance is the difference between the amount of genuine revenue generation and amount of desired revenue generation. For instance, if a business organisation estimates that the estimated volume of the sales will be 100,000 Australian Dollar, but in reality, the sales volume is 150,000 Australian Dollar, then the variance of the budget will be 50,000 Australian dollars. Variance of Budget= Actual budget - Estimated budget Steps in the budgeting process The steps associated with the process of budgeting are: Putting efforts in a collection of relevant data before making up the budget. Formulation of strategies for reaching the goal and objectives of the organisations. A collection of companys past relevant information pertaining to the sales and expenses. Projection of budgetary performance through effective utilisation of some important methods of budgeting such as Zero Based Budgeting, Incremental Budgeting etc. and relevant data related to the economic performance of the current market. The last step includes detecting and having the in-depth understanding of the break-even analysis of the budget (Adafint et al. 2016, p.200). Definition of key performance indicators Key performance indicators are useful in measuring the effectiveness of a business entity to achieve the predominant goals objectives of any of the businesses and for effective measurement of the performance of all the functions of the business organisations (Wu, 2012, p.315). SMART- its objectives SMART signifies Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time bound. Specific The objective of the business should be specific. For example, King Edward VII college management wants to build campuses for enhancing their presence. That is specific objective. Measurable The objective of the business goals should be measurable in terms of quantity. For example, each campus will consist of approximately fifty students. Achievable The business goals should be achievable. For example, it was decided that each campus would be putting efforts in employing approximately fifty students within twelve months of the commencement of the business. Realistic The business objective should be realistic. For example, King Edward VII should set up realistic targets of opening up two campuses with fifty students in each of them, within 12 months of the commencement of the business. Time-bound The business objective should be completed within stipulated time. For example, it was decided by the management that the two campuses will be open in Brisbane and Sydney in the month of January and April respectively of the year 2016. Approaches for developing key performance indicators (61/60) The four approaches for developing key performance indicators are: Making an in-depth assessment of the current condition of the organisational members performance. Setting up business targets to achieve the goals related with businesses. Monitoring and measuring the progress of the performance of the organisational members in terms of productivity. Making a comparative analysis of the desired outcome and actual outcome of the performance. Balanced scorecard Balance scorecard is a sort of tool for measuring the performance in terms of productivity and output and to what extent the performance of the organisational members can be helpful in achieving the long-term strategic goals of the business entities (Wu, 2012, p.309). Intellectual property Every organisation has intangible assets such as business innovation, unique selling price, knowledge related to the businesses, organisational resources etc. These things are supposed to be protected as per the legislations as they carry value in terms of commerce. These are altogether called intellectual property. Key points of intellectual property The key points of the intellectual property are copyrights of the businesses, trademarks of the businesses, secrets related to the industrial trades and business performances, the design of the industrial plants and factories, patent of the companies etc. (Kinsella, 2013). Aim and scope of Fair Work Act 2009 Fair Work Act was formulated in the year 2009 with aim of providing the employers and employees alike with the assistance in terms of legal matters. It deals with the matters of industrial disputes, wage, and salary related matters, workplace related issues etc. Conclusion Throughout the entire study, different aspects of the business operation plan have been revealed and it has been helpful in getting the detailed idea of the business operational plan along with the legislative framework. Reference List Slack, N., (2015). Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Adafin, J., Rotimi, J.O. and Wilkinson, S., (2016). Risk impact assessments in project budget development: architects perspectives. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(3), pp.189-204. Wu, H.Y., (2012). Constructing a strategy map for banking institutions with key performance indicators of the balanced scorecard. Evaluation and Program Planning, 35(3), pp.303-320. Kinsella, S., (2013). Law and intellectual property in a stateless society.Libertarian Papers, 5, p.1.

Saturday, November 30, 2019

Kyle Swanson Essays - English-language Films,

Kyle Swanson English 99 1/1/99 New York I know of a interesting place where people flock to in hope of success. I on the other hand have been to this place twice as a tourist. People call it the big apple or the city that never sleeps. It's home to Wall Street and the world champion Yankee's. This place is called New York. I go to New York annually to see Jake a friend of mine who lives there. He is my best friend and went into the Air Force two years ago and ended up in New York. It's hard to raise enough money to get to New York and still have enough money to go to school, but I manage. New York is strange, peculiar, and mysterious all in one. If you drive a vehicle in New York you better be ready to spend some money. To cross just one of the many bridges you must pay a toll of about six dollars. To park your car anywhere in downtown New York for a day, it'll cost you around twenty two bucks on the average. Also, just driving downtown can be hazardous for you and your car. It's scary to see taxi cabs with grill bars all the way around the vehicle, and to see paint spots on it and dents where they have hit some one. The neat thing about driving in New York is that when you honk your cars horn everybody does the same with theirs. It makes a car symphony played through out the streets. A good place to go to see what New York is really like is Central Park. It's so fascinating to watch what people do to make a buck. I saw a performance where two guys where performing a mime act for money. At the end of their routine people threw them money, and then they moved to another location in the park and did the same routine for a different crowd. People where carrying around briefcases full of fake fossil watches trying to sucker people into buying them. Another person was trying to sell stolen cell phones to people who didn't know any better. Basically these people were trying to make it in New York the wrong way. Jake and I visited the Sears Towers, and it's amazing how tall they are. From the bottom looking up it looks as if the skyscrapers are rocking from side to side. Looking from the top at the small world below was something else! I thought New York was big, but from up there it looked so small. I was planning on seeing the Statue of Liberty, but we missed the boat that would have taken us there. I recommend that if you ever visited New York find out when the boat launches are to the Statue. I plan on seeing it next year.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Public Relations Essay Example

Public Relations Essay Example Public Relations Essay Public Relations Essay Looking for a Career Option in the Field of Public Relations? This section features Public Relations as a career option, elaborated with reference to the job profile, personality traits required, the courses and training involved, premier institutions and future prospects. Public Relation is a management function that involves monitoring and evaluating public attitudes and maintaining mutual relations and understanding between an organisation and its public. Public could include shareholders, government, consumers, employees and the media. It is the act of getting along with people we constantly come in touch with. PROs ensures internal cohesion in the company by maintaining a clear communications network between the management and employees. Its first objective is to improve channels of communication and to establish new ways of setting up a two-way flow of information and understanding. Public relations as a separate career option has came into existence when lots of private or government companies and institution felt the need to market their product, service and facilities. Public image is important to all organisations and prominent personalities. The role of public relation specialist becomes pertinent in crisis situations when the correct and timely transmission of information can help save the face of the organisation. In terms of career opportunities, Public relations is broadly practiced for product publicity, corporate publicity, to have better relations with the government, to publish corporate publications like newsletter, bulletins, magazines for employees etc. Personality Traits | | | | | One must have excellent communication skills, both spoken and written so has to express thoughts clearly and simply. An effective personality and the ability to get along with a wide range of people both inside and outside an organisation is necessary. Must be polite always as he has to work under pressure or provocation. An organising ability is required too, as one may have to organise press conferences, lectures, exhibitions and events. Must have self-confidence and farsightedness. He must be able to understand human psychology and take decisions apt to the situation. Analytical skills are required to interpret research information and plan activity. Personal factor 1. The PR personnel must have an analytical mind, farsightedness and the ability to handle crises. The job demands an alert mind for planning, defence and guarding the image of the firm, person or product. . A good command over language is required for preparing news releases, leaflets, reports, articles and effective oral communication skills to make press briefings, hold meetings, conferences and presentations. 3. Good organisational skills and the ability to handle a number of tasks simultaneously. Ability to appreciate suggestions from others is essential for effective functioning. 4. Resilience, a good sense of humour, patience and diplomacy are assets for PR professionals Courses/Training | | | | | Bachelors degree in any discipline preferably with social sciences, liberal arts and humanities is required to take up a course in this field. There are diploma as well as post graduate diploma courses in Public relations. Duration of most the courses is of one year. Apart from this there are also short term certificate courses. Most training programmes in Advertising also includes public relations. Some institutes have entrance exams while others prefer admission on merit basis. These courses mainly cover areas like public relations principles and techniques, public relations management and administration, including organizational development, writing, emphasizing news releases, proposals, annual reports, scripts, speeches, and related items, visual communications, including desktop publishing and computer graphics, and research, emphasizing social science research and survey design and implementation. Public Relations courses 1. Course In Advertising Public Relations 2. Course In Basic Public Relations 3. Course In Basic Image Management 4. Degree Course In Public Relations 5. Diploma In Public Relations 6. Diploma In Communication, Journalism and Public Relations 7. Masters Degree In Journalism And Public Relations 8. Post Graduate Diploma In Journalism, Public Relations And Advertising 9. Post Graduate Diploma In Public Relations 10. Post Graduate Diploma In Public Relations And Advertising 11. Programme In Image Management |Placements And Prospects | | | | | Placements: Public relation officers can find employment in the corporate sector, public sector, government agencies, tourist agencies, hotels, banks and other financial institutions, private consultancy firms etc. Nowadays they can find work even with individuals like political figures, models and film stars who want their pictures, profiles and interviews published in magazines and need agents who can do the work for them so as to have a image in front of general public. Public relation officers can find employment in the corporate sector, public sector, government agencies, tourist agencies, hotels, banks and other financial institutions, private consultancy firms etc. One can start with a salary of Rs 3,000 to Rs 6,000 a month, depending on the kind of organisation that one joins. Prospects: Public relations officers have to work within and outside the organisation. Within the concern they have to conduct management-employee meets, to inform organisations policies, activities and accomplishments. Outside he has to liaison with government departments, trade unions, press etc whose cooperation is required for the smooth functioning, and also have to manage complaints from the consumers, organise events like fairs, exhibitions etc. The work involves keeping management aware of public attitudes and concerns of the many groups and organizations with which they must deal. In addition, public relations departments employ public relations specialists to write, research, prepare materials, maintain contacts, and respond to inquiries. Another important area of work in this field is to create public identity or an image for public figures like political parties, models and film stars. It include advising them on every aspect of personality, including dress code, behavior, statement given in press, public appearances etc. Lobbying, a new field in this career, involves bringing about the passage of laws favorable to the special interest group they represent like a company, industries, government etc. It is a strategy used to raise public consciousness and influence policy makers in areas like environment, human rights, education etc. This is an interesting area of work in public relation. Career Guidance Public Relations Courtesy: [pic] www. indicareer. com

Friday, November 22, 2019

How to Use the Particles O and No in Japanese

How to Use the Particles O and No in Japanese A particle is a word that shows the relationship of a word, a phrase, or a clause, to the rest of the sentence. The Japanese particles o and no are commonly used and have many functions depending on how it is used it a sentence. Read on for an explanation of these different usages. The Particle "O" The particle o is always written as ã‚’ not 㠁Š. "O": Direct Object Marker When o is placed after a noun, that indicates that the noun is the direct object. Below are a sentence examples of the o particle being used as a direct object marker. Kinou eiga o mimashita. æ˜ ¨Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Ëœ  Ã§â€ »Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ¦â€¹Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚- I watched the movie yesterday.Kutsu o kaimashita. é  ´Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ² ·Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚- I bought shoes.Chichi wa maiasa Koohii o nomimasu. çˆ ¶Ã£  ¯Ã¦ ¯Å½Ã¦Å" Ã£â€š ³Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'’ãÆ' ¼Ã£â€šâ€™Ã© £ ²Ã£  ¿Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- My father has coffee every morning. While o marks the direct object, some English verbs used in Japanese take the particle ga instead of o. There are not many of these verbs, but here are some examples. hoshii æ ¬ ²Ã£ â€"㠁„ - to wantsuki Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£   - to likekirai Ã¥ «Å'㠁„ - to dislikekikoeru è Å¾Ã£ â€œÃ£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to be able to hearmieru è ¦â€¹Ã£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to be able to seewakaru 分㠁‹ã‚‹ - to understand "O": Route of Motion Verbs such as walk, run, pass, turn, drive and go through using the particle o to indicate the route that the movement follows.   Here are sentence examples of o used to indicate the route of motion. Basu wa toshokan no mae o toorimasu. ãÆ' Ã£â€š ¹Ã£  ¯Ã¥â€º ³Ã¦â€º ¸Ã© ¤ ¨Ã£  ®Ã¥â€° Ã£â€šâ€™Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- The bus passes in front of the library.Tsugi no kado o magatte kudasai. æ ¬ ¡Ã£  ®Ã¨ §â€™Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦â€º ²Ã£ Å'㠁 £Ã£  ¦Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š- Please turn the next corner.Dono michi o tootte kuukou ni ikimasu ka. 㠁 ©Ã£  ®Ã© â€œÃ£â€šâ€™Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã§ © ºÃ¦ ¸ ¯Ã£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁 Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š- Which road do you take to get to the airport? "O": Point of Departure Verbs such as to leave, come out, or get off take the particle o to mark the place from which one gets off or leaves.   The following are sample sentences of the o particle used to indicate a point of departure. Hachi-ji ni ie o demasu. å… «Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ£  «Ã¥ ® ¶Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- I leave home at eight oclock.Kyonen koukou o sotsugyou shimashita. åŽ »Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã© «ËœÃ¦   ¡Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ â€™Ã¦ ¥ ­Ã£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚- I graduated from high school last year.Asu Tokyo o tatte pari ni ikimasu. 明æâ€" ¥Ã¦  ±Ã¤ º ¬Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§â„¢ ºÃ£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£Æ'‘ãÆ' ªÃ£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁 Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - I’m leaving Tokyo for Paris tomorrow. "O": Specific Occupation or Position In this case, the particle o indicates a specific occupation or position, which is usually followed by ~shiteiru or ~shiteimasu. See the following sentences for examples.   Tomoko no otousan wa bengoshi o shiteiru. æ™ ºÃ¥ ­ Ã£  ®Ã£ Å Ã§Ë† ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã¥ ¼ Ã¨ ­ ·Ã¥ £ «Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š - Tomokos father is a lawyer.Watashi no ane wa kangofu o shiteimasu. ç § Ã£  ®Ã¥ §â€°Ã£  ¯Ã§Å"‹è ­ ·Ã¥ © ¦Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - My sister is a nurse. The Particle "No" The particle no is written out as  Ã£  ®.   "No": Possessive Marker No indicates ownership or attribution. It is similar to the English apostrophe s (s). These sample sentences show how the no particle is used as a possessive marker. Kore wa watashi no hon desu. 㠁“ã‚Å'㠁 ¯Ã§ § Ã£  ®Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- This is my book.Watashi no ane wa Tokyo ni sunde imasu. ç § Ã£  ®Ã¥ §â€°Ã£  ¯Ã¦  ±Ã¤ º ¬Ã£  «Ã¤ ½ Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- My sister lives in Tokyo.Watashi no kaban no nakani kagi ga arimasu. ç § Ã£  ®Ã£ â€¹Ã£  °Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ®Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã£  «Ã©  µÃ£ Å'㠁‚り㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- There is a key in my bag. Note that the final noun can be omitted if it is clear to both speaker and listener. For example: Are wa watashi no (kuruma) desu. 㠁‚ã‚Å'㠁 ¯Ã§ § Ã£  ®(è »Å )㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- That is mine (my car). "No": Indicating Position or Location To indicate the relative location of the first noun in a sentence, the no particle is used. Take these phrases for instance: tsukue no ue æÅ" ºÃ£  ®Ã¤ ¸Å  - on the deskisu no shita 㠁„㠁™ã  ®Ã¤ ¸â€¹ - under the chairgakkou o tonari Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡Ã£  ®Ã©Å¡ £ - next to the schoolkouen no mae - å… ¬Ã¥Å"’㠁 ®Ã¥â€°  - in front of the parkwatashi no ushiro ç § Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¾Å'ã‚  - behind me "No": Noun Modification The noun before no modifies the noun after no. This usage is similar to the possessive, but it is seen more with compound nouns or noun phrases. The following sentences show how the no particle can be used to modify a noun. Nihongo no jugyou wa tanoshii desu. æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£  ®Ã¦Å½Ë†Ã¦ ¥ ­Ã£  ¯Ã¦ ¥ ½Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- The Japanese class is interesting.Bijutsu no hon o sagashite imasu. ç ¾Å½Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ£  ®Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦Å½ ¢Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- I am looking for a book on fine arts. No as a noun modifier can be used many times in one sentence. In this usage, the order of nouns in Japanese is the reverse of English. The normal Japanese order is from large to small, or general to specific. Osaka daigaku no nihongo no sensei Ã¥ ¤ §Ã©Ëœ ªÃ¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£  ®Ã¥â€¦Ë†Ã§â€Å¸ - a teacher of Japanese at Osaka universityyooroppa no kuni no namae ãÆ' ¨Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ' ­Ã£Æ'Æ'ãÆ'‘㠁 ®Ã¥â€º ½Ã£  ®Ã¥  Ã¥â€°  - the names of the countries in Europe "No": Apposition The no particle can also show that the first noun is in apposition to the second noun. For instance: Tomodachi no Keiko-san desu. Ã¥ â€¹Ã© â€Ã£  ®Ã¦  µÃ¥ ­ Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- This is my friend, Keiko.Bengoshi no Tanaka-san wa itsumo isogashisou da. Ã¥ ¼ Ã¨ ­ ·Ã¥ £ «Ã£  ®Ã§â€ °Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¤Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¥ ¿â„¢Ã£ â€"㠁 Ã£ â€ Ã£   Ã£â‚¬â€š - The lawyer, Mr. Tanaka seems to be busy all the time.Ano hachijussai no obaasan wa ki ga wakai. 㠁‚㠁 ®Ã¥â€¦ «Ã¥  Ã¦ ­ ³Ã£  ®Ã£ Å Ã£  °Ã£ â€šÃ£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã¦ °â€"㠁Å'è‹ ¥Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š - That eighty-year-old woman has a youthful spirit. "No": Sentence Ending Particle No is also used at the end of a sentence. Read up on ​sentence ending particles to learn about the usage.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Terrorism - Essay Example They therefore result to terrorism as a fight back mechanism and to destabilize the government. Some also want to loot the national resources and this cannot be done in a stable country. They therefore strike then when the chaos ensue they loot and defraud the government. Yungher identifies a number of goals that terrorists want to achieve with their activities. They include political motives. Since a certain group is not satisfied with the government that is ruling they result to terrorism to destabilize it. Economic reasons. This is evident mainly in the ocean where ships are taken and a ransom required to flee them. This has been one of the major ways of getting an income from the terrorists. Another goal is to intimidate a certain group of people. This is done in regions where they want to dominate. Religious terrorism is also common and religious intolerance has facilitated the rise in terrorist activities across the world. The major component is fear. A certain group feels insecure that they result to terrorism to feel secure. The other one is violence. After being attacked, certain people result to terrorism as the way of fighting back. Violence is a major component of terrorism and many terror attacks are depicted by the violence involved. Religion. Religion has played a key role in shaping terrorism. Religious intolerance has been seen as a major reason in boosting terror activities. Civilian targets. Many terrorists will attack the civilians as a way o passing their message. A good example is the September 2001 attack in the US. Terrorists use the social media to execute their terror activities. From my opinion, the social media is a good choice due to the large number of people that they are able to reach. The anonymity that is guaranteed by the social media is also needed. Propaganda has been used as a tool for long in various mischiefs and so many terrorists use it to intimidate their target. They therefore use it to claim

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Book review <screwtape letter> Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Book review - Essay Example The letters focus on the various ways that a newly converted Christian branded "Patient" can be tempted. The objective of these letters is to teach Wormood how to secure "Patients" eternal condemnation. C.S. Lewis, the author, tries to explain the spiritual struggles faced by a Christians in their efforts to overcome the forces of sin. The author refers to God as the ‘enemy’ and refers to Satan, as ‘father’ in some parts of the book. This adds a nice twist to the book from a literacy point of view and it brings out undisputable creativity but as a Christian, this is uncomfortable and to some extent unacceptable. Nonetheless, the book inspires the readers to think deeply about God’s character, something that is often overlooked. The book also brings to life the reality of heaven and hell. The book urges Christians to be on the lookout as the devil is always hunting for "recruits" to help him accomplish his mission of pulling people from God. Lastly, the book reminds us that God is very loving and merciful thus he will always guard those who remain faithful to him. However as much as God is keen to draw humankind to him, the book reminds us that unless we choose to follow him, we will not be among those who will go to heaven. This piece call upon everyone to chose between the path to heaven and the one that leads to hell, but also gives the reader an idea of the consequences for each decision. This book is ideal for anyone who is interested in learning more about leading a Christian life. It helps one view temptation from a different perspective hence making it easier to avoid falling into the trap. Unlike so many other Christian books that are informative but plain, The Screwtape Letters is an interesting and highly enlightening

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Business Model of Nike Essay Example for Free

Business Model of Nike Essay Introduction Nike Inc. was founded in 1962 by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight as a partnership under the name, Blue Ribbon Sports. Nike’s main products are sports shoes, sportswear, sports goods. In this paper, we will talk about ‘The Challenge of Entrepreneurship’ ‘Competitive Business Model’ ‘Solid Strategic Plan’ ‘Feasibility Analysis’ and ‘Business Plan’. All of these topics are very important when we study the ‘EOE and SBM’, and in each topic have more than one point. We got ‘The Benefits of Entrepreneurship’ ‘Competition’ of ‘The Challenge of Entrepreneurship ’; ‘Core Competencies’ ‘Innovations’ ‘Sustainable Competitive Advantage’ ‘Key Success Factor’ of ‘CBM’; ‘Vision and Mission’ ‘Objectives and Goals’ ‘SWOT’ ‘Competitor’ ‘Business strategy’ of ‘Solid Strategic Plan’; ‘Industry and Market Feasibility’ ‘Product or Service Feasibility’ ‘Financial Feasibility’ and ‘5Forces Model’ of ‘Feasibility Analysis’. Now, we are going to show you the detail. The Challenge of Entrepreneurship The Benefits of Entrepreneurship Surveys show that owners of small businesses believe they work harder, earn more money, and are more satisfied than if they worked for someone else. (Via Dr. Josà © A. Torres Essentials of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management Powerpoint) Opportunity to Create Your Own Destiny. Nike, originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS), was founded by University of Oregon track athlete Philip Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman in January 1964. The company initially operated as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Onitsuka Tiger(now ASICS), making most sales at track meets out of Knights automobile. According to Otis Davis, a student athlete whom Bower man coached at the University of Oregon, who later went on to win two gold medals at the 1960 Summer Olympics, Bower man made the first pair of Nike shoes for him, contradicting a claim that they were made for Phil Knight. Says Davis, I told Tom Brokaw that I was the first. I dont care what all the billionaires say. Bill Bower man ma de the first pair of shoes for me. People dont believe me. In fact, I didnt like the way they felt on my feet. There was no support and they were too tight. But I saw Bower man make  them from the waffle iron, and they were mine. (Via HTTP://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Opportunity to Make a Difference. In 1979, Nike Air cushion technology Air, by the inventor of the m. Frank Rudy patented, first applied on the Tailwind running shoes, the gas film in running shoes soles for the protection of the cushion. And Nike has created many print and television advertisements with Wieden+ Kennedy, Wieden+ Kennedy remains Nikes primary ad agency. It was agency co-founder Dan Wieden who coined the now-famous slogan Just Do It for a 1988 Nike ad campaign, which was chosen by Advertising Age as one of the top five ad slogans of the 20th century and enshrined in the Smithsonian Institution. Walt Stack was featured in Nikes first Just Do It advertisement, which debuted on July 1, 1988. Wieden credits the inspiration for the slogan to Lets do it, the last words spoken by Gary Gilmore before he was executed. Throughout the 1980s, Nike expanded its product line to encompass many sports and regions throughout the world.[16] In 1990, Nike moved into its eight-building Wo rld Headquarters campus in Beaverton, Oregon. (Via HTTP://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Opportunity to Real Improve profits. In 2005, Nike Air Jordan 20 generations. Nike Free series, also in protecting the foot, like barefoot training is provided for the wearer. Nike as of May 31, total annual profits had 13.7 billion dollars, a 12% growth in the past fiscal year. On December 19, 2013, Nike Incs quarterly profit rose as a result of global orders for merchandise for delivery by April increased 13 percent. Future orders of shoes or clothes for delivery between December and April, rose to $10.4 billion. Nike shares (NKE) rose 0.6 percent to $78.75 in extended trading. (Via HTTP://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Opportunity to Contribute to Society and Be Recognized for Your Efforts. NIKE Charity Organization, is a Non-Governmental Organization Headquartered in PORT HARCOURT RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA. It is autonomous and submissive to the laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. They are determined to achieve our dreams and purpose of giving hope to the less privilege and to discharge our duties as members of non-profit organization in accordance to our core  values at National, State and Local Government levels. We are prepared to harness, strengthen and efficiently direct our efforts as much as we are out to join hands with other organizations, and individuals in the fight against the Girl Child Abuse. (Via HTTP://saccharinity.com/about_us.php) Competition NIKE is a consumer products company and the relative popularity of various sports and fitness activities and changing design trends affect the demand for our products. The athletic footwear, apparel, and equipment industry is highly competitive in the United States and on a worldwide basis. We compete internationally with a significant number of athletic and leisure footwear companies, athletic and leisure apparel companies, sports equipment companies, and large companies having diversified lines of athletic and leisure footwear, apparel, and equipment. We also compete with other companies for the production capacity of independent manufacturers that produce our products and for import quota capacity. Our competitors’ product offerings, technologies, marketing expenditures (including expenditures for advertising and endorsements), pricing, costs of production, and customer service are areas of intense competition. This, in addition to rapid changes in technology and consumer preferences in the markets for athletic and leisure footwear and apparel, and athletic equipment, constitute significant risk factors in our operations. If we do not adequately and timely anticipate and respond to our competitors, our costs may increase or the consumer demand for our products may decline significantly. (Via Nike-2013-form-10K) Designing a Competitive Business Model Core Competencies Nike’s quality , technology and brand is famous . Nike’s Air cushion technology is almost using in every basketball shoes ,it’s good for athlete’s foot . the Nike having its own core competence due to organizations own skills and core competence it has taken a competitive advantage and now is taking a large market share. The core competence of Nike is to specialize in athletes foot wear and other sports items. As we know every organization has its R D department .The R D department of Nike is playing a vital role because of its innovations in foot wear how the  consumers can feel comfort by wearing their shoes and the quality thats the most important factor to be given in shoes and they have different categories of shoes which is running shoes nick shocks, Jordan, and other types that is targeting different type of consumers having different perceptions. But most important thing of Nike is they dont make shoes they design and then give their design to the production companies in Korea and china or Vietnam. Due to which they are more specialized in their innovation and in this way they have made their core competence in making innovative design of athlete shoes. Innovations Nike believe his research and development efforts are a key factor in nis success .NIKE strives to produce products that help to reduce injury , enhance athletic performance and maximize comfort success . (Via Nike 2013 Annual Report) Nike also find many expert in chemistry, exercise physiology, engineering, industrial design, sustainability and related fields ask they advices to fixed Nike’s shoes and clothing . Nike’s air cushion shock absorption technology is famous in the basketball shoes area .Nike’s Brand shoes like LBJ , Kobe and KD has many color and types . Sustainable Competitive Advantage External Analysis : Nike’s brand awareness is famous all over the world ,everyone buying shoes first chose is Nike . Nike sponsored the top athletes and gained valuable coverage. , like Jordan , LeBron James , .From the Nike’s 2013 annual report will find that Nike growing up every years . Nike has many competitors , like Adidas , Puma , Reebok and so on , but Nike’s market share is more than any other . Internal Analysis :As we know ,Nike’s product is quality , Nike’s has own RD center to creative new technology ,like air cushion shock absorber technology ,environmental technology and so on .It’s basic technology to Nike’s product .Nike always find many creative thing to put in Nike’s product ,like knitting technology in his shoes .That’s awesome . Nike has employed creative marketing and advertisement platforms in building brand awareness and equity of its diversified products. For instance, the company uses Tiger Woods a skilled golfer to build its line of golf products. It further employs professionals in various departments that include distribution, marketing, finance,  product management, research and design, information technology, and product development so as to sensitize the market of its diversified products Nike also operates an internship program every summer lasting for three months giving students an insight on the diverse brands. Other avenues Nike accomplishes diversification strategy is through mergers, joint ventures, takeovers, and acquisitions. The company also has an RD unit called the innovation kitchen located in the main parent company in Oregon, to enable it to continue producing unique products such as the cushioning system in shoes. Key Success Factor Jordan Brand : Jordan brand is a big part of the Nike. Jordan’s shoes is popular in all over the world .Jordan shoes occupy the USA 10.8% market share in 2009 .Jordan shoes sales almost two times of Adidas . (Via :http://sports.sina.com.cn/k/2009-09-12/16084584096.shtml)So Jordan brand is a key success factors of Nike .) Jordan brand is popular in young people , every young people want a Jordan’s shoes it’s beautiful and comfortable .Especially Jordan’s air cushion technology , using in every basketball shoes . Technology :In addition to Nike’s own staff of specialists in the areas of biomechanics ,chemistry , exercise physiology, engineering , industrial design, sustainability ,and related fields , we also utilize research committees and advisory boards made up of athletes , coaches, trainers , equipment managers , orthopedists , Podiatrists , and other experts who consult with us and review designs , Materials , concepts for product and manufactur ing process improvements and compliance with product safety regulations around the world . (Nike Annual Report ) Advertisement : Advertisements play a significant role in the athletic apparel industry, as consumers rely on catalogues and online advertisements . Nike has many endorsers ,like Jordan ,James ,Durant and so on. These guys bring many customers .Nike has online store ,you can buy many things in this store ,before new product star sales ,you’ll get an e-mail about this product .Nike’s advertisement not only online but also in everywhere .It’s very amazing! Adidas :Adidas is a very famous company ,it’s very popular in world too .But in these years, Adidas’s market in decrease very fast .Because Adidas’s endorsers did not famous than Nike’s endorses .Adidas’s endorses including Yao Ming ,A.I ,D.Rose and so on .But they hurt or retied .Adidas’s  quality and technology is also well known .But Adidas lost because the endorses . New Balance :New Balance (I will call New Balance as NB for short ) is known as a most comfortable shoes .They has many new technology ,such as BIOSHIELD ,ABZORB EX ,REVAX ,ENCAP ,and so on .And NB is popular in young people ,you will find many youn g people wear NB in the street .IT’s a huge market to NB. Building a Solid Strategic Plan It’s a significant part of a successful business. It keeps the company to where they oriented, to meet their mission, goals and objectives, and lead it on the right way. A Strategy plan is to build a competitive advantage. It involved Vision and Mission Statement, also Objectives and Goals, SWOT Analysis, Competition Analysis and Formulate Strategies. We are going to find out what does Nike different from others, why it is unique, and what it has that others don’t. I am about to use Five Forces Model to analyze the competitive advantages for Nike. Vision, Mission, Goal and Objective Nike’s vision is â€Å"To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world.† The legendary University of Oregon track and field coach, and Nike co-founder, Bill Bowerman said, â€Å"If you have a body, you are an athlete.†. It’s their mission. (Via http://help-en-us.nike.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/113/p/3897) Their goal is to become and keep the number one sportswear brand all over the world. Their objective is keep down the manufacturing cost and keep their price down then they can occupied the market in some less developed countries who can become the economically dependent in the industry. (Via http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_objectives_of_Nike_company) SWOT Analysis. Strengths As one of the ‘Fortune 500’ company, Nike has numerous strengths. It is positioned at being the number one sportswear brand globally, it Offers their products worldwide, it has a very strong marketing campaign that increases brand familiarity, and it has no factories, it uses OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) to get the work done. It has contracts with above 700 shops globally in about 45 different countries. it also has offices in these different countries. It has chains of retail stores like  Niketown so that it can sell there. Its famous Swoosh is instantly recognizable, and Phil Knight even has it tattooed on his ankle. Weaknesses The organization does have a diversified range of sports products. However, the income of the business is still heavily dependent upon its share of the footwear market. This may leave it vulnerable if for any reason its market share erodes. The retail sector is very price sensitive. Nike does have its own retailer in Nike To wn. However, most of its income is derived from selling into retailers. Retailers tend to offer a very similar experience to the consumer. Can you tell one sports retailer from another? So margins tend to get squeezed as retailers try to pass some of the low price competition pressure onto Nike. Opportunities Product development offers Nike many opportunities. The brand is fiercely defended by its owners whom truly believe that Nike is not a fashion brand. However, like it or not, consumers that wear Nike product do not always buy it to participate in sport. Some would argue that in youth culture especially, Nike is a fashion brand. This creates its own opportunities, since product could become unfashionable before it wears out i.e. consumers need to replace shoes. There is also the opportunity to develop products such as sport wear, sunglasses and jewelry. Such high value items do tend to have associated with them, high profits. The business could also be developed internationally, building upon its strong global brand recognition. There are many markets that have the disposable income to spend on high value sports goods. For example, emerging markets such as China and India have a new richer generation of consumers. There are also global marketing events that can be utilized to support the brand such as the World Cup (soccer) and The Olympics. Threats Nike is exposed to the international nature of trade. It buys and sells in different currencies and so costs and margins are not stable over long periods of time. Such an exposure could mean that Nike may be manufacturing and/or selling at a loss. This is an issue that faces all global brands. The market for sports shoes and garments is very competitive. The model developed by Phil Knight in his Stamford Business School days (high value branded product manufactured at a low cost) is now commonly used and to an extent is no longer a basis for sustainable competitive advantage. Competitors are developing alternative brands to take away Nikes market share. As discussed above in weaknesses, the retail sector is becoming price competitive. This  ultimately means that consumers are shopping around for a better deal. So if one store charges a price for a pair of sports shoes, the consumer could go to the store along the street to compare prices for the exactly the same item, and buy the cheaper of the two. Such consumer price sensitivity is a potential external threat to Nike. (Via Nike 2013 Annual Report, http://www.quality-assurance-solutions.com/swot-analysis-nike.html, http://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/account-management-provides-special-treatment-in-marketing-administration-marketing-essay.php http://www.marketingteacher.com/swot/nike-swot.html) Analyze the Competition. Nike has some competitive Direct competitors- Adidas, New Balance and Li Ning. They offer the product that Nike does, and all of these companies have different key success factors. Adidas, is the most competitor od Nike with do doubt, they compete with Nike for No.1 sportswear branding for over 40 years But in these years, Adidas’s market in decrease very fast .Because Adidas’s endorsers did not famous than Nike’s endorses .Adidas’s endorses including Yao Ming ,A.I ,Derrick Rose and so on .But they hurt or retied .Adidas’s quality and technology is also well known .But Adidas lost because the endorses; New Balance is known as a most comfortable shoes .They has many new technology ,such as BIOSHIELD ,ABZORB EX ,REVAX ,ENCAP ,and so on .And New Balance is popular in young people ,you will find many young people wear New Balance in the street . IT’s a huge market to New Balance; Some Significant competitors like Under Armour and Skechers, they offer similar products like apparel or footwear, they compete with Nike in some fields. Some Indirect competitors like The North Face or Columbia, both of them are the most of the famous outdoor brand, they offer windbreaker or accessories that Nike does. They have impacts to Nike in some mutual markets. Conclusion: Nike does perfectly in quality and endorsement, they almost signed all significant players and teams all over the world. Adidas has no most strength but all factors are averaged. New Balance does best in technology, it can makes sneakers more comfortable. (New Balance has never signed any endorsers since it founded, so its score is little bit lower) Cost leadership. Nike uses Business Simulation Strategy. It has no factories, it uses OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) to get the work done, and it doesn’t has stores mostly. It offers products to Franchised retailers, and let them sell the products. It saved money from factories and rent, so its overhead is low. No shop, no labors,. quantity of materials, low too. If a supplier increases costs, Nike can easily change a new one with lower cost, Nike can do this because of its ability. Nike definitely has low cost access to factors of production. The enormity of Nike in respect to their suppliers gives them a huge advantage in production negotiations. Due to their high volumes for products, the cut-throat low cost nature of selecting a manufacturer, and coupled with the fact that Nikes suppliers depend so heavily on them for their own success that they have little to no bargaining room toward raising prices, allows Nike to continuously enjoy low costs of production. Nikes hardware and software technology implementations of using the not only using the best materials but creating them in a vertical fashion and housing an innovation culture from the top down, allow Nike a first move advantage into cost savings. However most of these advances only bring definite savings for a short time due to competitive parity within the industry, their creative nature definitely does benefit over the long run. Nike reduced costs by cutting some of its endorsements. Company research suggested the endorsement by the Italian soccer team, was not achieving the desired result. Michael Jordan, LeBron James, Kobe Bryant and a few other endorsers were retained while some other like Italian soccer team, were eliminated, to saving over $100 million. Nike does incredible in cost control. (Nike 2013 Annual Report) Differentiation. Differentiation strategy by Nike is used to gain market share advantage in the broad foot ware market. Aside from foot wear, the company boasts of products such as clothing, equipment, and even accessories. The strategy is achieved by producing consumer goods and services that customers perceive to be of high quality or have added unique features. This has been achieved by the company innovating state of the art athletic shoes that are publicized through dramatic â€Å"guerrilla† marketing. Marketing of the different products is designed to coerce customers that Nike’s shoes are not only superior but also a high fashion statement which is a necessary part of a lifestyle based  on athletic or sporting interests. The company has also differentiated itself by using highflyers that are best used in distinguishing sporting disciplines hence enabling the company reach its target market, for instance, the Brazilian national soccer team or even Michael Jordan. Also, Nike is different from others in their Ads. They show not only their technology but also leading endorsers like Michael Jordan, LeBron James, Kobe Bryant and Cristiano Ronaldo in their Ads of new products. At the same time, their Ads are also very creative and with imagination, make people who watched them unforgettable. (Via Nike 2013 Annual Report) Focus.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Claire Morgan :: English Literature

‘The Signalman’ and ‘The Black Cat’ Mystery Stories. In my opinion the most important thing to make a good mystery story is suspense. The writer should have the reader wanting to read on and asking questions right from the start. The description of the setting and characters are vital to the mystery. It gives the reader the emotions to really understand the atmosphere of the story. I don’t think the atmosphere needs to be really obscured but some bizarre features are needed to get an eerie and suspicious feeling. A twist in the end throws the reader’s prediction off course, and brings the mystery together. The clues should be laid out subtlety in the story so at the end the reader can see what they missed as they were reading. If questions are left unanswered at the end of the story it keeps the readers thinking so they can imagine what happens. A death makes the story more tragic and far fetched yet realistic making the person wearier of what is going on. Being written in the first person makes the story feel more personal and emotional so the reader feels like they are actually in the story. Dialogue also adds to this affect. Having the words of a person gives you a better idea of their personality. I have recently studied ‘The Signalman’ written by Charles Dickens and ‘The Black Cat’ by William Wintel. They were both written in the 19th century. ‘The Signalman’ is a mystery story about a man getting involved with a signalman. As he first calls down to the signalman, he becomes part of the nightmare. The writer plays the part of the detective as the story is written in the first person. He starts off as just a passer by, but notices the strange, lonely man. He decides to go down and speak with the signalman when he realises he will be here again. He soon becomes very involved with the problems of the signalman. After the man told the narrator about his sightings the narrator tries to find explanations of the delusions. However the next evening he returns to find out that he was wrong. At first, he thinks he is seeing the exact same ghost that the signalman claimed to have seen, but he soon realised that this was not. When he reached the bottom of the cutting he was confronted by the dead body of the signalman. As he watched while the evidence of the accident was gathered the words of the driver echoed through his head. He had heard these words before. The signalman had told him them the previous

Monday, November 11, 2019

Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind

Throughout the many genres of filming, D. W Griffiths’ (David Llewelyn Wark) film, Intolerance (1916) encouraged the beginning of a unique genre of filming; Art House. Art house film’s individuality of filming is targeted at a smaller market audience. Unlike Hollywood cinema, Art house uses a unique strategy of capturing the audience by crossing boundaries and making the basis of the storylines harder to predict, leaving the audience puzzled throughout, and usually after the film has ended.The tale of Joel and Clementine in the film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind shows the director Michael Gondry’s ability to withhold the events of a unique romance and shape it into a genre of Art house through its representations and languages. Michael Gondry’s Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind was released on March the 19th 2004 in North America with a production budget of $20 million and grossed over US $70 million worldwide. The title is taken from the poem Eloisa to Abelard by Alexander Pope, the story of a tragic love affair, where forgetfulness became the star's only comfort.The storyline basis begins with Joel suffering with a heavy break-up with Clementine, a dysfunctional free spirit who decides she wants to erase every memory of her and Joel together. When Joel learns this, he makes his way to the memory erasing company Lacuna Inc.  ® and has the procedure done on himself. As he undergoes the process, he realises he wants to keep his recollections of Clementine and subconsciously avoids the erasure of Clementine from his memory.Typical Hollywood films are limited in their use of camera angles to suit the scene, genre, and storyline, whereas Art house films are unrestricted with plenty of variety of angles, shots, and scene layouts. Gondry filmed in a near-documentary style, giving a large range of camera angles. In the scene where Joel is under the table, in discussion of Joel and Michael Gondry, the table was set up to be hei ghted differently, and furniture was made larger towards the back of the set to give the effect that Joel was miniature.The director chose to make the film in a non-chronological order, with many of the more imaginative sequences being set deep in Joel's mind, as he invades his own memories to keep them from slipping away. Other effects used were in-camera tricks of the eye and lense of the camera used. According to the end credits, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind was filmed in and around Brooklyn, Manhattan, Montauk, Mount Vernon, Wainscott, and Yonkers, New York and also in Bayonne and West Orange in New Jersey.The unusual layout of the scenes were arbitrarily set in a way which confuses the viewer and puzzles their mindset on the events occurring throughout the movie. Art house Cinema is a genre in which specific events occur without reason throughout the many films of Art house, and in which are never explained throughout the entire film. The symbolism Gondry has created t hroughout the film would not usually relate to the conventional Hollywood films. Within most Hollywood films, scenes are set to suit to the stereotypical genre. Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind uses many scenes with critical symbolism, such as the use of sand.The use of sand throughout the erasure of Joel’s memories of Clementine reflects upon the Storyline as its constant use of sand in the scenes symbolise Joel’s memories of Clementine are literally slipping through his mind just as sand slips through an hour glass. Another important use of recognised symbolism was throughout the entire subconscious mind of Joel, in which Clementine’s hair was the colour set of the season. For example, throughout the memories of summer, Clementine’s hair was Tangerine and brightly coloured, as summer is bright, and the scene appears to have a lot of brightness.Throughout the genre of typical Hollywood films, the scenes would not appeal as much and have such recogni sable symbolism, as Art house Cinema’s genre permits to give as much symbolism to the audience as possible, just like an art painting, there must be symbolism to the painting or it will not have its own individual theme. Usually an Art house film would be completely not recommended for children, most art house films are rated MA 15+ and also the scenario would completely be misunderstood, in the sense that they would not grasp any of the concepts, symbolism, which all forms the understand of an Art house film.Considering Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind is an MA15+ (R 18+ USA) the viewing is for the eyes of young adolescents in which whether their maturity level will provide meaning and understanding of the film. For the viewer’s attention to be grabbed, they must be pulled in by the unsolved mysteries which the film usually withholds, for example, why a certain event occurred, why a specific scene was in there. As Art house films usually structure their design in peculiar ways, they don’t rarely expose the mystery, and questions pondering in the minds of the audience unlike the typical, large marketed, Hollywood films.Art house films generate their storylines fictionally, and usually surreal, with writers who have a vast imagination. Art house is the epitome of rule breaking, fantasy and fictional characters. The audience views a style that not only frees the limits of a story line, but manipulates and shapes the minds of the audience to be captured in the film. The director, Michael Gondry designed Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind through obscure and surreal techniques, and undeniably provides an example of an Art House film. The film exhibits representations and languages that all form appropriately into the genre of Art house. BIBLIOGRAPHY ttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Art_film – What is art house films, founder of art house, beginner etc. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Eternal_Sunshine_of_the_Spotless_Mind#Film_settin g_and_locations – Release, gross http://www. filmeducation. org/pdf/film/EternalSunshine. pdf – Technology used, Budget for movie & estimated budget http://hollywoodjesus. com/eternal_sunshine. htm – Symbolism http://alisonsdirectorstudy. weebly. com/1/post/2010/03/symbolism-in-eternal-sunshine-of-the-spotless-mind. html – Symbolism http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0338013/ – Rating http://hhsdrama. com/documents/LectureEternalSunshine. pdf – basic research Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind The movie â€Å"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind† is the story of a guy, Joel, who discovers that his long-time girlfriend, Clementine, has undergone a psychiatrist's experimental procedure in which all of her memory of Joel is removed, after the couple has tried for years to get their relationship working right. Frustrated by the idea of still being in love with a woman who doesn't remember their time together, Joel agrees to do the procedure also, to erase his memories of Clementine. The movie takes place mostly in Joel's mind, which follow his memories of Clementine backwards in time as each recent memory is replaced, and the process then goes on to the previous one and then erased. Once the process starts, Joel realizes he doesn't really want to forget Clementine, so he starts sneaking her away into parts of his memory where she don't belong that changes other things about his memories also. â€Å"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind† is dealing with the ideas of ownership, truth, time, and presence. For example ownership is represented of having the memory of the one person, truth is shown through spirituality, time is shown by the existence of their memories, and presence is brought out through Joel’s mind of Clementine. The character who is most present in their life is Clementine because she is being present, occurring, and existing in Joel’s mind. The character that is most aware of time is Joel because of the existence and events of Clementine. The central theme of â€Å"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind† is unavoidable romance, but with a difference. The love itself, when it’s finally won, isn’t appealing. It’s not even likely to last, but being in love is the only way these characters feel alive and no void in their brains can get over that. The statement of â€Å"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless mind† is time because of the events in the past, present, an future of Joel and Clementine’s memories, but also willingness to skip across the memories of forgetting.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Compare & Contrast Russian Serfdom Essay

In the dark ages of 1450 to 1750, a devastating time period, Russian slavery & Caribbean slavery became popular. Although Russian serfdom & Caribbean slavery are similar in regard to how they were punished, the laborious work, & the little rights they received. They’re different in regard to their location, ways in which they’re owned & their payment for work. To start, the three similarities between Russian serfdom & Caribbean slavery are: the ways the slaves were punished, the laborious work, & the little rights they received. Both Russian slaves & Caribbean slaves were punished the same way, corporal punishment. Slaves in both regions were whipped & beaten. Rougher means of punishment was also implemented, such as starvation, sexual abuse, & hanging. Slaves would face this punishment when acting out, such as trying to flee, or back talking the master or landowner. Sometimes, the slave was punished for small things such as: not eating or answering questions fast enough. The laborious work was similar as well, both types of slaves worked long hours in fields or in factories. Typically 18 hours of work or from sun rise to sun set. Both Caribbean slaves & Russian slaves were free farmers. They planted, grew, & harvested all different things, typically cotton & sugar. These slaves had little to no rights. As mentioned above, they were constantly beaten, not respected, & had no freedom whatsoever. They often went days at a time not eating then had to work hard in the fields, but when they’d try to take a break, they would be whipped. Three differences between Russian serfdom & Caribbean slavery are: their location, ways in which they were owned, & their payment for work. Russian slaves hailed from Europe, particularly Russia while Caribbean slaves hailed from islands between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, particularly the Bahamas, Puerto Rico, & Cuba. While both produced similar products, they were in totally different regions of the world. They ways in which Russian & Caribbean slaves were different in the sense that Russian slavery was like Russian serfdom. Russian serfdom is based on land, & whoever bought the plot was the slave’s master while Caribbean slavery was being owned by a master, who chooses & buys the  slave. Another difference in Russian slavery & Caribbean slavery is the payment the slaves were awarded with for their work. Russian slaves were granted the protection from invaders, due to the master owning the land. Typically masters were either rich, royal or both, granting them the ability to have people guard their land. While Caribbean slaves were rewarded pretty much nothing other than being able to have one third of whatever crop they grew & harvested. They were not paid nor granted protection. Based on analysis, Russian & Caribbean slavery are similar & different due to what needed to be produced. Their differences are due to the way they were owned & amount of protection. Caribbean slaves produced sugar as did Russian slaves, but Caribbean sugar seemed to be more popular & was often exported because of the region of the Caribbean. Rich fertile soil & good growing conditions needed to have workers that were chosen for the hard work, while Russian slaves producing a little bit of everything needed versatile workers that could do a little bit of everything. This leads to protection, everyone in the Caribbean was trying to produce sugar, and the masters didn’t feel the need to have protection of the slaves, because all of the other slaves owned by other masters were busy doing the same thing. Meanwhile in Russia, the master of the land felt the need to protect their versatile workers & their crops. The reason for the similarity in the products they produce was oddly region. The fact that both Russia & the Caribbean slaves were able to produce the same products was due to the fact that both regions had very fertile soil, & good weather conditions during certain times of the year.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Blooms Taxonomy - Application Category and Examples

Blooms Taxonomy s Bloom’s Taxonomy  was developed by educational theorist Benjamin Bloom in the 1950s.  The taxonomy, or levels of learning, identify different domains of learning including: cognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes), and psychomotor (skills).   Application Category Description The application level is where the student moves beyond basic comprehension in order to begin to apply what they have learned. Students are expected to use concepts or tools they have learned in new situations in order to show that they can use what they have learned in increasingly complex ways The use of Blooms Taxonomy in planning can help to move students through the different levels of cognitive development. When planning learning outcomes, teachers should reflect on the different levels of learning. Learning increases when students are introduced to course concepts and then given opportunities to practice applying them. When students apply an abstract idea to a concrete situation to solve a problem or relate it to prior experience, they are showing their level of proficiency at this level. To make sure that students show they can apply what they learn, teachers should:   Provide opportunities for the student to use ideas, theories, or problem-solving techniques and apply them to new situations. Review the student’s work to ensure that he/she is using problem-solving techniques independently. Provide questions that require the student to define and solve problems. Key Verbs in the Application Category apply. build, calculate, change, choose, classify, construct, complete, demonstrate,  develop, examine, illustrate, interpret, interview, make, make use of, manipulate, modify, organize, experiment with, plan, produce, select, show,  solve, translate, utilize, model, use. Examples of Question Stems for the Application Category These question stems will help teachers develop assessments that allow students to solve problems in situations by applying acquired knowledge, facts, techniques, and rules, perhaps in a different way. How would you make use of ____?How does ____ apply to ____?How would you modify ____?What approach would you use to†¦?Could this have happened in...?Under what conditions would you ____?How could you apply what you have read to construct ____?Do you know another instance where...?Can you group by characteristics such as...?Identify the results if ____?Why does ____ work?What questions would you ask for...?How would you use the facts to investigate ____?Using what you know, how would you design ____?Utilize ____ to ____.Illustrate a way to ____.What elements would you use to change†¦?Is there a way to demonstrate ____?What questions would you ask during ________?Predict what would happen if ____?How would you organize _______ to show†¦?What would result if ____?Is there another way you could plan to†¦?What facts would you select to show†¦?Would this information be useful if you had...?Can you apply the method used to some experience of your own...?Show me a wa y to organize ____.Can you make use of the facts to†¦? Using what you have learned, how would you solve ____?What factors would you change if...? From the information given, can you develop a set of instructions about...?How would you solve ___ using what you’ve learned†¦?How would you show your understanding of†¦?What examples can you find to†¦?How would you apply what you learned to develop†¦? Examples of Assessments That Are Based onthe Application Level of Bloom’s Taxonomy The category of application  is the third level of the Bloom’s taxonomy pyramid. Because it is just above the comprehension level, many teachers use the level of application  in performance-based activities such as those listed below.   Make a storyboard for a film on a book you are reading.Create a script from the book you are reading now; act out a part of the story.Plan a party that one of the main characters would enjoy attending: plan the menu, and activities or games you want to have at the party.Create a scenario in which a character in the story reacts to a problem in your school; write about how he or she would handle the situation differently.Reimagine the characters in a story as a human, animal, or thing.Teleport (space travel) the main character to a new setting.(Re)write lyrics to a ballad for a story you are reading.Construct a model to demonstrate how it will work.Create a diorama to illustrate an important event.Make a yearbook entry for a character you are studying.Stage a tableau of a famous event.Invite famous people to an imaginary dinner and create the seating plan.Make up a board game using the ideas from the study area.Design a market strategy for a character doll.  Create a brochure for a country. Write a textbook about... for others.

Monday, November 4, 2019

12 Hour Shifts in Nursing

7 October 2011 Effects on Nurses Working Long Hours Patients in a hospital and/or healthcare facilities have to be cared for all day and all night, everyday of the week by nurses. The usual way to fulfill this need is to divide up the day into three 8-hour shifts. Different shifts have been put into place to help improve nurse satisfaction, decrease the nursing shortage and save the hospital money. The 24-hour day is made up of two 12-hour shifts; 12 hours in the day and 12 hours at night. There has been quite an ongoing debate over the years regarding this issue of nurses working over 8 hours in a single day. Many people, such as hospital nursing administrators, have reason to believe that working long hour shifts causes more errors in the workplace due to fatigue and irregular sleep schedules. Along with these reasons and other beliefs, 12-hour shifts in nursing should be revoked. The risks outweigh the benefits for extended hour shifts in hospitals and/or healthcare facilities, for both the patients and nurses. Nurses who work 12 or more hours in a single shift put at risk the health of themselves along with the health of the patients who they are treating. Working extended shifts causes fatigue, stress and lack of productivity. Errors are most common in nurses who are fatigued from working long and grueling hours. It is estimated 1. 3 million health care errors occur each year and of those errors 48,000 to 98,000 result in patient deaths. Many of these errors lead to malpractice suits and thousands of dollars lost (Keller, 497). This proves that working long hours in a health care environment will make nurses more prone to making error that may lead to patient death. Patient death is what the hospital and faculty members are trying to avoid, revoking long hour shifts seems like a proper way to start. As for the health of the nurse, nurses who work long hours are affecting their health in many ways. Some health problems that may occur in nurses are sleep problems, listlessness, and unable to think clearly. According to The American Heart Association, shift workers are inclined to drink more caffeinated beverages such as, coffee and energy drinks, smoke, and exercise less often. Along with these problems, working shifts and extended hours interfere with the body’s natural circadian rhythm, especially if working night shift. Human beings are designed to work during the daylight, not at night. â€Å"Symptoms of fatigue can include muscle weakness, lethargy, inability to think clearly or concentrate, listlessness, decreased cognitive function, anxiety, and exhaustion† (Keller, 499). This would not be acceptable for the high demands of nursing. Nurses need to be able to think clearly and stay sharp to make flash decisions incase the patients health rapidly decreases. If they are tired, they may lose this capability. Nurses also have to be able to work in high-pressure situations. If anxiety were a symptom of fatigue, this would jeopardize both the nurses and the patients. The nurse may lose her job for working while fatigued, and the patient may lose their life for not having proper care. Todays nurses would most likely oppose this argument. Most of todays nurses work long 12-hour shifts and favor them than five eight-hour shifts. They prefer working three 12-hour shifts, and then having four days off in a week. Nurses who work this shift can take a couple vacation days or sick days and be off for weeks at a time. They believe that working these long hour shifts do not affect their ability to care for patients, because they can drink coffee or soda and can take a nap on their lunch breaks. This argument may seem plausible, but reality is that these are only temporary fixes and may feel even more exhausted than before. In addition, during the four days they have off, they may feel weak and dazed so they will not be able to work a second part-time job if wanted or be with their loved-ones. After working that many hours in such a short period of time, they would need those four days off to compensate for the hard work they just endured. Health care administrators argue that having only two shifts a day (day and night) will help improve patient care because there would only be two nurses who would take care of a patient during a 24-hour shift. But still, it takes more hired nurses to fill a weeks schedule to accommodate each 12 hour shift is covered because a nurse can only work so many hours in a week. Annette Richardson claims that nurses who work extended hour shifts will be less productive during the last 2 to 3 hours of their shift. Signs of nurses being unproductive are; if he/she is taking a longer time to be with a patient than necessary, not completing patient charts and not being thorough on reports (Carson, 830). Nursing administration is there to help make patients and nurses happy and healthy. Health care administration wants the most work productivity as possible, and with having the last 3 hours of a nurses shift being unproductive will diminish that goal. Studies have shown that the most productive work schedule is working an eight-hour shift because it has the least number of errors due to workers fatigue and exhaustion. Nurses who also work long hour shifts may experience work ‘burnout’. A Burnout is a form of chronic stress related to ones job. Burnout occur most frequently in nurses who work long hours in high stress areas, such as critical care, oncology, or burn units. Symptoms of burnouts include fatigue, frequent colds, headaches, and insomnia. Mental symptoms may include decreased ability to solve problems and unwillingness to face problems and change. Nurses who suffer from burnout may quit their job or change jobs outside of the nursing profession. This causes shortages, which is currently a big issue in todays world. Not enough people are interested in the nursing career because of the high burnout rate. Linda Wilson was burning out because she worked the 3pm to 11pm shift in the critical care unit. The hospital was understaffed and had a lot of overtime. She barely got five hours a sleep a night (Ellis, 599). This proves that working too many extended hours a week with not enough sleep will cause burnout that leads to lost jobs. Lost jobs makes the shortage of nurses even higher and affecting patient care by not having enough nurses necessary to provide proper care and support to their patient during their stay. Overall, long hour shifts in nursing may have its pluses such as, a four-day weekend to be home with their loved-ones, but it also has its negative effects. Extended shifts may causes nurses to make errors while working from a lack of sleep and fatigue. This may end up in patient death or malpractice, which is the opposite of what nurses, and administrators are there to do. 12-hour days will eventually cause harm to him/herself because our bodies are not meant to work long and grueling hours because fatigue disrupts their ability to think clearly and quickly and may cause stress. With all of these going against them, they might get burned out and decide to quit or change jobs. An abundance of burnouts will create a larger nursing shortage than there already is, making the whole situation worse. I believe working 8-hours a day with three total shifts to make up a 24 hour day is the best way for both the nurses and the patients sake. It will reduce the amount of errors made do to fatigue and it will increase productivity in the workplace because nurses would not be affected by exhaustion. Works Cited