Learning Classical Conditioning - 1132 Words

Learning Learning is more than a person sitting at a desk and studying off a book. Everything that we do is a result of what we have learned. We respond to things that happen to us, we act and experience consequences from our behavior, and we observe what others say and do. Psychologists explain our many experiences with basic learning processes. Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience (Santrock, p.146). By learning how to use a computer you will change from being someone who could not operate a computer to being one who can. Learning anything new involves change. You learned how to use a computer through experience with the machine. Once you have learned to use a computer, the†¦show more content†¦He keeps nagging. Finally you get tired of the nagging and clean out the garage. Your response removed the unpleasant stimulus. Whereas punishment refers to a consequence that decreases the likelihood a behavior will occur (Santrock, p.161). In positive punishment, a behavior decreases when it is followed by an unpleasant stimulus (Santrock, p.162). Many people associate this by yelling at children or beating them. Positive punishment is often not a good idea. In negative punishment, a behavior decreases when a positive stimulus is removed from it (Santrock, p.162). Time-out is a form of negative punishment in which a child is removed from a positive reinforcement. Observational learning, also called imitation or modeling, is learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates someone s behavior (Santrock, p.165). Albert Bandura described four main processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement. Before people can reproduce a model s actions, they must attend to what the model is saying or doing. To reproduce an action, you must retain the information and keep it in memory so that it can be retrieved. People might attend to a model and Thai, 4 code in memory what they have seen, but because of limitations in motor development they might not be able to reproduce the model s action (Santrock,Show MoreRelatedClassical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational Learning664 Words   |  3 PagesOur understanding of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning has allowed us to unlock many of the answers we sought to learn about human behavior. Classical conditioning is a technique of behavioral training, coined by Ivan Pavlov, which basically states that an organism learns through establishing associations between different events and stimuli. This helps us understand human behavior in an assortment of ways. It makes it clear that almost everything we do isRead MoreClassical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning And Observational Learning Essay914 Words   |  4 Pagesare three ways, according to Experience Psychology 3rd Edition, for organisms to learn – Classical Condition ing, Operant Conditioning and Observational Learning. In Classical Conditioning, it involves the association between a neutral stimulus and an innate stimulus of organisms, and a response is produced when these two stimuli came in contact. Slightly different from Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning woks in a way when a behavior is determined by the consequences of the outcomes. To putRead MoreLearning Principles Classical Conditioning And Observational Learning1080 Words   |  5 PagesReading skills are essential to learning all other subjects taught in school. The sharper the reading skills children have and the earlier they accumulate them will determine how rapidly and how well they will achieve in school. That is why it is very crucial to get students motivated to read at a young age. Research has consistently shown that children who are exposed to reading or who read regularly gather long term benefits such as better academic performance, a mastery of language, bette r communicationRead MoreDiscussion on Classical Conditioning as an Explanation of Learning1629 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussion on Classical Conditioning as an Explanation of Learning We use the term classical conditioning to describe one type of associative learning in which there is no contingency between response and reinforcer. This situation resembles most closely the experiment from Pavlov in the 1920s, where he trained his dogs to associate a bell ring with a food-reward. In such experiments, the subject initially shows weak or no response to a conditioned stimulus (CS, e.g. the bell), but a measurableRead MoreClassical And Instrumental Conditioning Explain Learning1141 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will describe how the psychological processes of Classical and Instrumental conditioning explain learning. Classical does so through the use of involuntary reflexes while Instrumental through the use voluntary behaviour and reinforcement. Their effectiveness will be explained through the supporting studies. Classical conditioning is the repeated association of events (neutral and unconditioned stimulus) until the neutral stimulus starts to produce a conditioned response that it otherwiseRead MoreDifference Between Classical Conditioning And Observational Learning Essay1825 Words   |  8 PagesDistinguish general differences between principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning (e.g., contingencies) Classical conditioning is the repeated association of an unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus making it into a conditioned stimulus. Classical conditioning deals with unconditioned stimulus that produces an automatic response or unlearned (UCS/US), unconditioned response that is an automatic or unlearned response that is produced by and unconditionedRead MoreLearning Through Classical and Operant Conditioning to Cause a Change in an Organism584 Words   |  3 PagesLearning can be defined as an experience that causes a relatively permanent change in an organism. There are two broad types of learning, classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning has to do with associating a stimulus with a response and this was promoted by Ivan Pavlov. Operant conditioning has to do with the consequences of a behavior determining its future occurrence and was promoted by B. F. Skinner (Schater, Gilbert, Wegner, 2011). Each psychologist has examplesRead MoreClassic al Conditioning Learning Experience836 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Conditioning Learning Experience My Learning Experience As early as I can remember, my house growing up was always free of bell peppers. My mother is allergic to them; even the smell makes her sick to her stomach. I always wondered if I was allergic to them as well, but never took any chances as a child and didn’t eat them either. Even to this day when dining out with my parents my mother always asks â€Å"are there bell peppers in this† her face would always have that crinkledRead MoreClassical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning And Observational Learning1702 Words   |  7 PagesLearning is a relatively lasting behavior through experience. There are three major types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning. Classical conditioning is a process of learning where an association is formed between a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that evokes a response naturally. Operant conditioning is a learning process using reinforcement or punishment of certain behaviors. Observational learni ng is where the process of learning happens throughRead MoreLearning Theory : Classical Conditioning Of Observational Learning Essay2439 Words   |  10 Pagesinteractions? Yes, close friendships have influence on social interactions such as social activity level, mood, weight, political views, new friends, health, mortality, etc., which can be explained through the social learning theory; classical conditioning of observational learning. There has also been much empirical investigation examining selection and socialization effects with results indicating influences on a wide variety of attitudes and behaviors. There is also growing evidence of influence

Rural-Urban Linkages, Their Role in Sustainable Development Free Essays

string(76) " migration and reduce food production per capita \(Richardson, 1987: 210\)\." Although policy makers and the development community have widely used the phrase â€Å"rural development. The concept of rural development has changed significantly during the last 3 decades. Until the 1970s, rural development was synonymous with agricultural development and, hence, focused on increasing agricultural production. We will write a custom essay sample on Rural-Urban Linkages, Their Role in Sustainable Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now This focus seems to have been driven primarily by the interests of industrialization to extract surpluses from the agriculture sector to reinforce industrialization. With the focus on increasing agricultural production, the stated objective of most countries was to promote smallholder agriculture. Over time, this smallholder agriculture-centric concept of rural development underwent changes. By the early 1980s, according to Harris, the World Bank defined it as â€Å"†¦a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people—the rural poor. Four major factors appear to have influenced the change: increased concerns about the persistent and deepening of rural poverty; changing views on the meaning of the concept of development itself; emergence of a more diversified rural economy in which rural non-farm enterprises play an increasingly important role; and increased recognition of the importance of reducing the non-income dimensions of poverty to achieve sustainable improvements in the socio economic well-being of the poor. The establishment of the Millennium Development Goals has significantly reinforce d the concerns about non income poverty. With the paradigm shifts in economic development from growth to broadly defined â€Å"development,† the concept of rural development has begun to be used in a broader sense. It is also more specific, as Harris noted â€Å"in the sense that it focuses (in its rhetoric and in principle) particularly on poverty and inequality. † In more recent years, increased concerns on the environmental aspects of economic growth have also influenced the changes. Today’s concept of rural development is fundamentally different from that used about 3 or 4 decades ago. The concept now encompasses â€Å"concerns that go well beyond improvements in growth, income, and output. The concerns include an assessment of changes in the quality of life, broadly defined to include improvement in health and nutrition, education, environmentally safe living conditions, and reduction in gender and income inequalities. â€Å"Today there seems to be a universal consensus that the ultimate objective of rural development is to improve the quality of life of rural people. As the concept of rural development changed so has the focus and approach to tackling and planning for rural development also change. Thus as already explained, today rural development is an integrated concept that that requires an integrated approach to development . thus the focus now is on sustainable development; hence an integrated sustainable rural development strategy is used to plan for rural development. However in order to successively design a strategy for integrated sustainable rural development, one must take into consideration rural-urban linkages because of the significant role it plays in sustainable rural development. Before proceeding with a discussion about the role that rural-urban linkages play in integrated rural sustainable development strategy, it may be necessary to define rural-urban linkages. In general, â€Å"rural-urban linkages† refers to the flow of (public and private) capital, people (migration, commuting) and goods and services (trade) between rural and urban areas. It is important to add to these three economic flows, the flow of ideas, innovation and information. These rural urban linkages could be expanded as; * The movement of people between rural and urban households many of which are of circular nature. These include temporary migration(as in seasonal moves ) and labour migration including weekly commuting; * The more permanent migration of people from rural to urban areas and vice versa. * The movement of people operating from a single rural urban household as in daily commuting or school trips, shopping and short term visits. * The movement of resources such as money and remittances, commodities and services. * There is also the more permanent type of linkages found mostly in infrastructure such as roads railway lines water and electricity telecommunication etc. Over the past few years, interest in the linkages between urban and rural areas has increased considerably. This is clear, for instance, from the activities of the United Nations. The Habitat Agenda, adopted at the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) in Istanbul in 1996, states that â€Å"policies and programmes for the sustainable development of rural areas that integrate rural regions into the national economy require strong local and national institutions for the lanning and management of human settlements that place emphasis on rural-urban linkages and treat villages and cities as two ends of a human settlements continuum. † (UNCHS, 1997: 93-94). however, Studies of rural urban linkages indicate that the nature of the linkages differs from one place to another and differs for different sectors in the same place. It is equally necessary to identify successful practices that promote local rural and urban development and alleviate poverty, using rural-urban linkages, and to build the capacity of rural and urban local governments to review, adapt and replicate such practices. The growing understanding and the pool of good practices should form the basis for capacity building of local governments. Among the above linkages the ,focus would be on the point 1 and 4 that’s the migration and the economic exchange of goods and services and their implication on rural development . this is because they are among the important rural urban linkages necessary for integrated sustainable rural development. These would be dis cussed shortly. To begin with the economic exchange between urban and rural areas can be beneficial or detrimental to either or both areas . hus with economic links between rural and urban areas, the extent to which economic development in the one area benefits or obstructs economic development in the other area. For instance an exclusive focus on rural areas would result in an under-investment in urban areas and this would limit the growth of the urban sector and its ability to absorb the rural labour surplus. Likewise an exclusive focus on urban development would produce similar results, because it would accelerate rural-urban migration and reduce food production per capita (Richardson, 1987: 210). You read "Rural-Urban Linkages, Their Role in Sustainable Development" in category "Papers" Reardon (n. d. : 8-9) distinguishes three stages in the development of rural non-farm sector and of rural-urban linkages: †¢ During the first stage, rural non-farm activity tends to have a production or expenditure linkage with agriculture while farming directly employs a large share of the rural population. Rural non-farm activity tends to centre on the countryside itself, with little dependence on rural-urban links. Rural non-farm activities are mainly home-based and small-scale production of goods, mainly sold locally. During the first stage, agriculture tends to depend on local supplies of farm inputs and services and on local processing and distribution of farm products, usually carried out by small to medium-scale firms. †¢ A greater mix of situations characterizes the second stage. The mix includes activities based on linkages with agriculture as well as on other, separate activities (e. g. tourism, mining and services), although the latter did grow out of a historical rural non-farm sector based on linkages with agriculture. The share of rural population dependent on farming is lower than during the first phase. Rural-urban links as the basis for rural non-farm employment have a greater weight than in first stage with nascent sub-contracting of rural companies by urban or foreign businesses and a rapid rise in the labour force commuting between the countryside and rural towns and intermediate cities. †¢ The third stage shows an intensification of the characteristics that differentiate the second stage from the first stage. There is a greater weight of urban-rural links manifested by the greater importance of more advanced forms of business linkages, such as subcontracting arrangements and labour commuting. A number of other tendencies also characterize this stage: the expansion of subcontracting beyond light durables to medium durables. The great heterogeneity of the non-farm sector in rural areas implies that there is little scope for general, broad, policy prescriptions. This observation may well provide an important lesson for our thinking about the process of policy formulation. A wide variety of interventions may be required to promote the non-farm sector, each tailored to specific local conditions. Decentralized decision-making may be necessary: mechanisms should be devised whereby local information flows upwards so that the localized bottlenecks are relieved and specific niches can be exploited (Lanjouw, 1999: 9). From the above it can be realised that, rural-urban linkages can play an important role in economic development and poverty alleviation in urban and rural areas. However,it is important to recognize that the nature of the rural-urban linkages differs from one place to another and from one function to another. As Douglas (1998) has pointed out, a particular urban centre may play a crucial economic role for the surrounding rural areas in one respect, while the rural area may completely bypass that same urban centre and link directly to more distant urban centres and cities in other respects. It is, therefore, dangerous to generalize about the nature of rural-urban linkages and to base policy interventions on such generalizations. What is necessary is the recognition of (a) the existence a regional economy as a reality, rrespective of administrative boundaries, and (b) the need to develop knowledge about such regional (i. e. sub-national) economies (World Bank, 2000). The development of this knowledge should be demand-driven, as urban and rural local governments come to recognize their shared interests and constraints. The political impetus for this process of knowledge development may be t decentralization. In order to distribute economic and social opportunities equitably, the Government s hould strengthen grassroots economies that can provide sustainable incomes for the rural population. The Government should establish economic clusters that link rural and urban areas, and the cluster-based economic development should be consistent with the economic potentials, preferences and functions of each area. Another important rural urban linkage that has immense implication for today’s rural development is the rural urban migration. Thus the movement of people between rural and urban households . these include temporary migration and labour migration. Rural-urban migration reduces population pressure in the rural areas and, thereby, should improve economic conditions and reduce rural poverty. However, disparities between urban and rural areas in terms of income and employment and the availability of basic infrastructure and services persist. Urban areas offer more and better opportunities for socio-economic mobility of the poor and rural-urban migration, therefore, will continue. Labour migration could result in shortage of labour force for productivity in the rural areas which would intend result in low productivity and underdevelopment in the rural areas. Whereas the urban areas may not also be able to absorb the all the labour from the rural areas ,resulting in unemployment and increase in sanitation costs and government expenditure. it also increase population pressure in urban areas resulting in pressure on the few social amenities in urban centres. in this case, rural urban migration has more adverse effect on rural development. In addition to the above, Circular and temporary migration is already a common pattern in many countries, but working and housing conditions in the urban areas may not always be conducive to this form of migration. Housing is often an acute problem for temporary migrants who prefer to rent rather than to own housing, because they feel that their home is in the rural areas. Temporary migrants are sometimes not entitled to urban services and this makes their life in the urban areas more difficult than necessary. Local governments and private employers in the urban areas should accept temporary rural-urban migration as inevitable and perhaps even as desirable, and they may consider measures to facilitate such forms of rural-urban migration. For instance, Remittances are a crucial component of rural households’ incomes and a key element of the continued links between migrants and their home areas across all wealth groups. In northern Mali, migrants’ remittances have become probably the most important source of family cash, and are used for consumption and for the purchase of consumer goods such as radios and bicycles, but also for the purchase of agricultural inputs or for investment in livestock. In southeast Nigeria, it would be socially unacceptable for migrants not to send remittances and gifts: financial support to their parental households has greatly contributed to making young women’s migration socially acceptable. Most importantly, remittances and gifts ensure that migrants can maintain a foothold in the home area, and that they will be welcome upon their return. Gaile (1992: 134) argues that the problem is not urbanization as such, because the urban areas need to absorb the additional rural labour. The problem is that migrants have only a limited choice when migrating, because most local economic development occurs in one or a few large cities. He points out that the problem is really â€Å"under-urbanization†, i. e. the underdevelopment of the urban system. The major impediment to the working of the general market and the consequent development of a labour market is the undersupply of centres of sufficient minimal size to provide sites for market development. The above implies that in developing a strategy for sustainable rural development projects that encourages the bridging of gab between rural and urban areas should be considered. This would help reduce rural urban migration. Besides, major effort is required to ensure that the urban areas can absorb the growing urban population and that urbanization will not result in an urbanization of poverty. Small and medium-sized towns can play an important role in the urbanization process by absorbing rural-urban migrants. For instance Economic development in small towns can have a positive impact on the economy of the surrounding rural areas, if the increase in purchasing power results in the purchase of agricultural and non-agricultural products from the surrounding rural areas. This will obviously depend on the types of products produced, their quality and cost and their competitiveness compared to products from other parts of the country (and elsewhere). The development of the local urban economy may also lead to a reduction in rural-urban migration to the larger urban centres and the city and redirect migration flows to smaller urban centres. This in the long run led to sustainable development in both the rural and urban areas. Conclusion and Recommendations From the above discusions, it can be observe that there is growing interdependence of urban and rural areas that reduces the significance of the rural-urban distinction. The flow of people, capital, goods, services and ideas between urban and rural areas, made possible by improvements and cost reductions in communication and transport, is reinforcing the existing rural-urban linkages and more than ever conditions and developments in the urban areas have an impact on the rural areas and vice versa. Rural residents adopt urban lifestyles and occupations; small settlements require urban infrastructure and services; residents of rural areas commute between rural and urban areas; industries move to rural areas; urban waste pollutes natural resources in the rural areas; and agriculture in urban areas is becoming important for both economic and environmental reasons. It is, therefore, an anachronism that governments still design policies and programmes that are focused either on urban or on rural areas, but rarely on both. Rural and urban communities need to have an interest in each other’s conditions, and policy-makers need to consider these when formulating policies and programmes for sustainable rural development. Coordination of decision-making and cooperation between authorities of urban areas and their surrounding rural areas are critical to ensure that the development of urban areas and rural areas support each other. However, the continuing integration of rural and urban areas requires more than simply coordination and cooperation, it requires planning that incorporates rural and urban development. Such regional planning should not be an urban-centred exercise as it often has been in the past. Rural and urban areas need each other and each can benefit when the other’s needs are met. Backward linkages and forward linkages between agricultural production and industry and services can foster positive rural-urban interactions and a virtuous circle of development. However, policies that encourage such mutually reinforcing linkages need to overcome the traditional separation between rural and urban planners. They also need to avoid generalizations and be grounded in the specifics of the regional context (Tacoli, 1998: 13). How to cite Rural-Urban Linkages, Their Role in Sustainable Development, Papers

Management Leadership Performing Job Management

Question: Describe about the Management Leadership for Performing Job Management. Answer: Introduction This study has been commenced with the purpose of putting the light on the management and planning function of the business operational plan. Purpose of operational plan with reference to its relationship with strategic planning Operational plans purpose is to show a proper direction to the organisational members in performing the allocated job-related responsibilities daily. The operational plan plays a predominant role in the implementation of the strategic plan formulated by the management of business entities. Operational plan plays important role in harmonising the activities of different functions of business entities so that they can be aligned with the formulated strategic plans targets. Differentiation between operational plan and strategic plan The predominant difference between an operational plan and strategic plan is former works on the vision statement of the business entities and latter works on the mission statement of the business entities. Strategic plan centres around long term goal of an organisations and operational plans focal point are short term goal of an organisation. Top management personnel and middle management personnel respectively orchestrate the strategic plan and operational plan (Slack, 2015, p.59). Information associated in operational plan Fundamentally, the operational plan provides four kinds of information. They are: Strategies to be espoused for achieving the long-term goal of the organisations. The members of the organisations who will be entrusted with the authority of completing jobs. The stipulated time within which the delegated tasks are surmised to be completed. The requirement of the resources in terms of finance for completing the jobs. Purpose of budget The fundamental purpose of a budget is to make the forecast on what the business entities will earn and what they will spend for achieving the goals and objectives. In addition to this, the budget serves the purpose of providing with a financial framework for facilitating the decision-making the process by the management body of the business entities. It also fulfils the purpose of keeping track of the performance of the business processes through measurement of the gap between the actual and desired results of the performance of the businesses. Benefits of business budget There are some benefits pertaining to the budgets and they are as follows: The budget gives clear outline of the long-term goal of an organisation in terms of financial performance. The budget gives an idea of how much resources are required to support the operational and strategic plans of the organisations. The budget gives clear view about the different aspects of reinforcing profitability and revenue generation of the business entities. Budget variance Budget variance is the difference between the amount of genuine revenue generation and amount of desired revenue generation. For instance, if a business organisation estimates that the estimated volume of the sales will be 100,000 Australian Dollar, but in reality, the sales volume is 150,000 Australian Dollar, then the variance of the budget will be 50,000 Australian dollars. Variance of Budget= Actual budget - Estimated budget Steps in the budgeting process The steps associated with the process of budgeting are: Putting efforts in a collection of relevant data before making up the budget. Formulation of strategies for reaching the goal and objectives of the organisations. A collection of companys past relevant information pertaining to the sales and expenses. Projection of budgetary performance through effective utilisation of some important methods of budgeting such as Zero Based Budgeting, Incremental Budgeting etc. and relevant data related to the economic performance of the current market. The last step includes detecting and having the in-depth understanding of the break-even analysis of the budget (Adafint et al. 2016, p.200). Definition of key performance indicators Key performance indicators are useful in measuring the effectiveness of a business entity to achieve the predominant goals objectives of any of the businesses and for effective measurement of the performance of all the functions of the business organisations (Wu, 2012, p.315). SMART- its objectives SMART signifies Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time bound. Specific The objective of the business should be specific. For example, King Edward VII college management wants to build campuses for enhancing their presence. That is specific objective. Measurable The objective of the business goals should be measurable in terms of quantity. For example, each campus will consist of approximately fifty students. Achievable The business goals should be achievable. For example, it was decided that each campus would be putting efforts in employing approximately fifty students within twelve months of the commencement of the business. Realistic The business objective should be realistic. For example, King Edward VII should set up realistic targets of opening up two campuses with fifty students in each of them, within 12 months of the commencement of the business. Time-bound The business objective should be completed within stipulated time. For example, it was decided by the management that the two campuses will be open in Brisbane and Sydney in the month of January and April respectively of the year 2016. Approaches for developing key performance indicators (61/60) The four approaches for developing key performance indicators are: Making an in-depth assessment of the current condition of the organisational members performance. Setting up business targets to achieve the goals related with businesses. Monitoring and measuring the progress of the performance of the organisational members in terms of productivity. Making a comparative analysis of the desired outcome and actual outcome of the performance. Balanced scorecard Balance scorecard is a sort of tool for measuring the performance in terms of productivity and output and to what extent the performance of the organisational members can be helpful in achieving the long-term strategic goals of the business entities (Wu, 2012, p.309). Intellectual property Every organisation has intangible assets such as business innovation, unique selling price, knowledge related to the businesses, organisational resources etc. These things are supposed to be protected as per the legislations as they carry value in terms of commerce. These are altogether called intellectual property. Key points of intellectual property The key points of the intellectual property are copyrights of the businesses, trademarks of the businesses, secrets related to the industrial trades and business performances, the design of the industrial plants and factories, patent of the companies etc. (Kinsella, 2013). Aim and scope of Fair Work Act 2009 Fair Work Act was formulated in the year 2009 with aim of providing the employers and employees alike with the assistance in terms of legal matters. It deals with the matters of industrial disputes, wage, and salary related matters, workplace related issues etc. Conclusion Throughout the entire study, different aspects of the business operation plan have been revealed and it has been helpful in getting the detailed idea of the business operational plan along with the legislative framework. Reference List Slack, N., (2015). Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Adafin, J., Rotimi, J.O. and Wilkinson, S., (2016). Risk impact assessments in project budget development: architects perspectives. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(3), pp.189-204. Wu, H.Y., (2012). Constructing a strategy map for banking institutions with key performance indicators of the balanced scorecard. Evaluation and Program Planning, 35(3), pp.303-320. Kinsella, S., (2013). Law and intellectual property in a stateless society.Libertarian Papers, 5, p.1.

Kyle Swanson Essays - English-language Films,

Kyle Swanson English 99 1/1/99 New York I know of a interesting place where people flock to in hope of success. I on the other hand have been to this place twice as a tourist. People call it the big apple or the city that never sleeps. It's home to Wall Street and the world champion Yankee's. This place is called New York. I go to New York annually to see Jake a friend of mine who lives there. He is my best friend and went into the Air Force two years ago and ended up in New York. It's hard to raise enough money to get to New York and still have enough money to go to school, but I manage. New York is strange, peculiar, and mysterious all in one. If you drive a vehicle in New York you better be ready to spend some money. To cross just one of the many bridges you must pay a toll of about six dollars. To park your car anywhere in downtown New York for a day, it'll cost you around twenty two bucks on the average. Also, just driving downtown can be hazardous for you and your car. It's scary to see taxi cabs with grill bars all the way around the vehicle, and to see paint spots on it and dents where they have hit some one. The neat thing about driving in New York is that when you honk your cars horn everybody does the same with theirs. It makes a car symphony played through out the streets. A good place to go to see what New York is really like is Central Park. It's so fascinating to watch what people do to make a buck. I saw a performance where two guys where performing a mime act for money. At the end of their routine people threw them money, and then they moved to another location in the park and did the same routine for a different crowd. People where carrying around briefcases full of fake fossil watches trying to sucker people into buying them. Another person was trying to sell stolen cell phones to people who didn't know any better. Basically these people were trying to make it in New York the wrong way. Jake and I visited the Sears Towers, and it's amazing how tall they are. From the bottom looking up it looks as if the skyscrapers are rocking from side to side. Looking from the top at the small world below was something else! I thought New York was big, but from up there it looked so small. I was planning on seeing the Statue of Liberty, but we missed the boat that would have taken us there. I recommend that if you ever visited New York find out when the boat launches are to the Statue. I plan on seeing it next year.

Public Relations Essay Example

Public Relations Essay Example Public Relations Essay Public Relations Essay Looking for a Career Option in the Field of Public Relations? This section features Public Relations as a career option, elaborated with reference to the job profile, personality traits required, the courses and training involved, premier institutions and future prospects. Public Relation is a management function that involves monitoring and evaluating public attitudes and maintaining mutual relations and understanding between an organisation and its public. Public could include shareholders, government, consumers, employees and the media. It is the act of getting along with people we constantly come in touch with. PROs ensures internal cohesion in the company by maintaining a clear communications network between the management and employees. Its first objective is to improve channels of communication and to establish new ways of setting up a two-way flow of information and understanding. Public relations as a separate career option has came into existence when lots of private or government companies and institution felt the need to market their product, service and facilities. Public image is important to all organisations and prominent personalities. The role of public relation specialist becomes pertinent in crisis situations when the correct and timely transmission of information can help save the face of the organisation. In terms of career opportunities, Public relations is broadly practiced for product publicity, corporate publicity, to have better relations with the government, to publish corporate publications like newsletter, bulletins, magazines for employees etc. Personality Traits | | | | | One must have excellent communication skills, both spoken and written so has to express thoughts clearly and simply. An effective personality and the ability to get along with a wide range of people both inside and outside an organisation is necessary. Must be polite always as he has to work under pressure or provocation. An organising ability is required too, as one may have to organise press conferences, lectures, exhibitions and events. Must have self-confidence and farsightedness. He must be able to understand human psychology and take decisions apt to the situation. Analytical skills are required to interpret research information and plan activity. Personal factor 1. The PR personnel must have an analytical mind, farsightedness and the ability to handle crises. The job demands an alert mind for planning, defence and guarding the image of the firm, person or product. . A good command over language is required for preparing news releases, leaflets, reports, articles and effective oral communication skills to make press briefings, hold meetings, conferences and presentations. 3. Good organisational skills and the ability to handle a number of tasks simultaneously. Ability to appreciate suggestions from others is essential for effective functioning. 4. Resilience, a good sense of humour, patience and diplomacy are assets for PR professionals Courses/Training | | | | | Bachelors degree in any discipline preferably with social sciences, liberal arts and humanities is required to take up a course in this field. There are diploma as well as post graduate diploma courses in Public relations. Duration of most the courses is of one year. Apart from this there are also short term certificate courses. Most training programmes in Advertising also includes public relations. Some institutes have entrance exams while others prefer admission on merit basis. These courses mainly cover areas like public relations principles and techniques, public relations management and administration, including organizational development, writing, emphasizing news releases, proposals, annual reports, scripts, speeches, and related items, visual communications, including desktop publishing and computer graphics, and research, emphasizing social science research and survey design and implementation. Public Relations courses 1. Course In Advertising Public Relations 2. Course In Basic Public Relations 3. Course In Basic Image Management 4. Degree Course In Public Relations 5. Diploma In Public Relations 6. Diploma In Communication, Journalism and Public Relations 7. Masters Degree In Journalism And Public Relations 8. Post Graduate Diploma In Journalism, Public Relations And Advertising 9. Post Graduate Diploma In Public Relations 10. Post Graduate Diploma In Public Relations And Advertising 11. Programme In Image Management |Placements And Prospects | | | | | Placements: Public relation officers can find employment in the corporate sector, public sector, government agencies, tourist agencies, hotels, banks and other financial institutions, private consultancy firms etc. Nowadays they can find work even with individuals like political figures, models and film stars who want their pictures, profiles and interviews published in magazines and need agents who can do the work for them so as to have a image in front of general public. Public relation officers can find employment in the corporate sector, public sector, government agencies, tourist agencies, hotels, banks and other financial institutions, private consultancy firms etc. One can start with a salary of Rs 3,000 to Rs 6,000 a month, depending on the kind of organisation that one joins. Prospects: Public relations officers have to work within and outside the organisation. Within the concern they have to conduct management-employee meets, to inform organisations policies, activities and accomplishments. Outside he has to liaison with government departments, trade unions, press etc whose cooperation is required for the smooth functioning, and also have to manage complaints from the consumers, organise events like fairs, exhibitions etc. The work involves keeping management aware of public attitudes and concerns of the many groups and organizations with which they must deal. In addition, public relations departments employ public relations specialists to write, research, prepare materials, maintain contacts, and respond to inquiries. Another important area of work in this field is to create public identity or an image for public figures like political parties, models and film stars. It include advising them on every aspect of personality, including dress code, behavior, statement given in press, public appearances etc. Lobbying, a new field in this career, involves bringing about the passage of laws favorable to the special interest group they represent like a company, industries, government etc. It is a strategy used to raise public consciousness and influence policy makers in areas like environment, human rights, education etc. This is an interesting area of work in public relation. Career Guidance Public Relations Courtesy: [pic] www. indicareer. com

How to Use the Particles O and No in Japanese

How to Use the Particles O and No in Japanese A particle is a word that shows the relationship of a word, a phrase, or a clause, to the rest of the sentence. The Japanese particles o and no are commonly used and have many functions depending on how it is used it a sentence. Read on for an explanation of these different usages. The Particle "O" The particle o is always written as ã‚’ not 㠁Š. "O": Direct Object Marker When o is placed after a noun, that indicates that the noun is the direct object. Below are a sentence examples of the o particle being used as a direct object marker. Kinou eiga o mimashita. æ˜ ¨Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Ëœ  Ã§â€ »Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ¦â€¹Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚- I watched the movie yesterday.Kutsu o kaimashita. é  ´Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ² ·Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚- I bought shoes.Chichi wa maiasa Koohii o nomimasu. çˆ ¶Ã£  ¯Ã¦ ¯Å½Ã¦Å" Ã£â€š ³Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'’ãÆ' ¼Ã£â€šâ€™Ã© £ ²Ã£  ¿Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- My father has coffee every morning. While o marks the direct object, some English verbs used in Japanese take the particle ga instead of o. There are not many of these verbs, but here are some examples. hoshii æ ¬ ²Ã£ â€"㠁„ - to wantsuki Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£   - to likekirai Ã¥ «Å'㠁„ - to dislikekikoeru è Å¾Ã£ â€œÃ£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to be able to hearmieru è ¦â€¹Ã£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to be able to seewakaru 分㠁‹ã‚‹ - to understand "O": Route of Motion Verbs such as walk, run, pass, turn, drive and go through using the particle o to indicate the route that the movement follows.   Here are sentence examples of o used to indicate the route of motion. Basu wa toshokan no mae o toorimasu. ãÆ' Ã£â€š ¹Ã£  ¯Ã¥â€º ³Ã¦â€º ¸Ã© ¤ ¨Ã£  ®Ã¥â€° Ã£â€šâ€™Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- The bus passes in front of the library.Tsugi no kado o magatte kudasai. æ ¬ ¡Ã£  ®Ã¨ §â€™Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦â€º ²Ã£ Å'㠁 £Ã£  ¦Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š- Please turn the next corner.Dono michi o tootte kuukou ni ikimasu ka. 㠁 ©Ã£  ®Ã© â€œÃ£â€šâ€™Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã§ © ºÃ¦ ¸ ¯Ã£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁 Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š- Which road do you take to get to the airport? "O": Point of Departure Verbs such as to leave, come out, or get off take the particle o to mark the place from which one gets off or leaves.   The following are sample sentences of the o particle used to indicate a point of departure. Hachi-ji ni ie o demasu. å… «Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ£  «Ã¥ ® ¶Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- I leave home at eight oclock.Kyonen koukou o sotsugyou shimashita. åŽ »Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã© «ËœÃ¦   ¡Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ â€™Ã¦ ¥ ­Ã£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚- I graduated from high school last year.Asu Tokyo o tatte pari ni ikimasu. 明æâ€" ¥Ã¦  ±Ã¤ º ¬Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§â„¢ ºÃ£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£Æ'‘ãÆ' ªÃ£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁 Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - I’m leaving Tokyo for Paris tomorrow. "O": Specific Occupation or Position In this case, the particle o indicates a specific occupation or position, which is usually followed by ~shiteiru or ~shiteimasu. See the following sentences for examples.   Tomoko no otousan wa bengoshi o shiteiru. æ™ ºÃ¥ ­ Ã£  ®Ã£ Å Ã§Ë† ¶Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã¥ ¼ Ã¨ ­ ·Ã¥ £ «Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š - Tomokos father is a lawyer.Watashi no ane wa kangofu o shiteimasu. ç § Ã£  ®Ã¥ §â€°Ã£  ¯Ã§Å"‹è ­ ·Ã¥ © ¦Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - My sister is a nurse. The Particle "No" The particle no is written out as  Ã£  ®.   "No": Possessive Marker No indicates ownership or attribution. It is similar to the English apostrophe s (s). These sample sentences show how the no particle is used as a possessive marker. Kore wa watashi no hon desu. 㠁“ã‚Å'㠁 ¯Ã§ § Ã£  ®Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- This is my book.Watashi no ane wa Tokyo ni sunde imasu. ç § Ã£  ®Ã¥ §â€°Ã£  ¯Ã¦  ±Ã¤ º ¬Ã£  «Ã¤ ½ Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- My sister lives in Tokyo.Watashi no kaban no nakani kagi ga arimasu. ç § Ã£  ®Ã£ â€¹Ã£  °Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ®Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã£  «Ã©  µÃ£ Å'㠁‚り㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- There is a key in my bag. Note that the final noun can be omitted if it is clear to both speaker and listener. For example: Are wa watashi no (kuruma) desu. 㠁‚ã‚Å'㠁 ¯Ã§ § Ã£  ®(è »Å )㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- That is mine (my car). "No": Indicating Position or Location To indicate the relative location of the first noun in a sentence, the no particle is used. Take these phrases for instance: tsukue no ue æÅ" ºÃ£  ®Ã¤ ¸Å  - on the deskisu no shita 㠁„㠁™ã  ®Ã¤ ¸â€¹ - under the chairgakkou o tonari Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡Ã£  ®Ã©Å¡ £ - next to the schoolkouen no mae - å… ¬Ã¥Å"’㠁 ®Ã¥â€°  - in front of the parkwatashi no ushiro ç § Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¾Å'ã‚  - behind me "No": Noun Modification The noun before no modifies the noun after no. This usage is similar to the possessive, but it is seen more with compound nouns or noun phrases. The following sentences show how the no particle can be used to modify a noun. Nihongo no jugyou wa tanoshii desu. æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£  ®Ã¦Å½Ë†Ã¦ ¥ ­Ã£  ¯Ã¦ ¥ ½Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- The Japanese class is interesting.Bijutsu no hon o sagashite imasu. ç ¾Å½Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ£  ®Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦Å½ ¢Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- I am looking for a book on fine arts. No as a noun modifier can be used many times in one sentence. In this usage, the order of nouns in Japanese is the reverse of English. The normal Japanese order is from large to small, or general to specific. Osaka daigaku no nihongo no sensei Ã¥ ¤ §Ã©Ëœ ªÃ¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£  ®Ã¥â€¦Ë†Ã§â€Å¸ - a teacher of Japanese at Osaka universityyooroppa no kuni no namae ãÆ' ¨Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ' ­Ã£Æ'Æ'ãÆ'‘㠁 ®Ã¥â€º ½Ã£  ®Ã¥  Ã¥â€°  - the names of the countries in Europe "No": Apposition The no particle can also show that the first noun is in apposition to the second noun. For instance: Tomodachi no Keiko-san desu. Ã¥ â€¹Ã© â€Ã£  ®Ã¦  µÃ¥ ­ Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š- This is my friend, Keiko.Bengoshi no Tanaka-san wa itsumo isogashisou da. Ã¥ ¼ Ã¨ ­ ·Ã¥ £ «Ã£  ®Ã§â€ °Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¤Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¥ ¿â„¢Ã£ â€"㠁 Ã£ â€ Ã£   Ã£â‚¬â€š - The lawyer, Mr. Tanaka seems to be busy all the time.Ano hachijussai no obaasan wa ki ga wakai. 㠁‚㠁 ®Ã¥â€¦ «Ã¥  Ã¦ ­ ³Ã£  ®Ã£ Å Ã£  °Ã£ â€šÃ£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã¦ °â€"㠁Å'è‹ ¥Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š - That eighty-year-old woman has a youthful spirit. "No": Sentence Ending Particle No is also used at the end of a sentence. Read up on ​sentence ending particles to learn about the usage.

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Terrorism - Essay Example They therefore result to terrorism as a fight back mechanism and to destabilize the government. Some also want to loot the national resources and this cannot be done in a stable country. They therefore strike then when the chaos ensue they loot and defraud the government. Yungher identifies a number of goals that terrorists want to achieve with their activities. They include political motives. Since a certain group is not satisfied with the government that is ruling they result to terrorism to destabilize it. Economic reasons. This is evident mainly in the ocean where ships are taken and a ransom required to flee them. This has been one of the major ways of getting an income from the terrorists. Another goal is to intimidate a certain group of people. This is done in regions where they want to dominate. Religious terrorism is also common and religious intolerance has facilitated the rise in terrorist activities across the world. The major component is fear. A certain group feels insecure that they result to terrorism to feel secure. The other one is violence. After being attacked, certain people result to terrorism as the way of fighting back. Violence is a major component of terrorism and many terror attacks are depicted by the violence involved. Religion. Religion has played a key role in shaping terrorism. Religious intolerance has been seen as a major reason in boosting terror activities. Civilian targets. Many terrorists will attack the civilians as a way o passing their message. A good example is the September 2001 attack in the US. Terrorists use the social media to execute their terror activities. From my opinion, the social media is a good choice due to the large number of people that they are able to reach. The anonymity that is guaranteed by the social media is also needed. Propaganda has been used as a tool for long in various mischiefs and so many terrorists use it to intimidate their target. They therefore use it to claim